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1、SocialInjusticeandPublicHealthBarryS.LevyVictorW.Sidel,EditorsOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSSOCIALINJUSTICEANDPUBLICHEALTHThispageintentionallyleftblankSOCIALINJUSTICEANDPUBLICHEALTHEditedbyBarryS.LevyVictorW.Sidel1PublishedinCooperationwiththeAmericanPublicHealthAssociation20061OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.
2、,publishesworksthatfurtherOxfordUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducation.OxfordNewYorkAucklandCapeTownDaresSalaamHongKongKarachiKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityNairobiNewDelhiShanghaiTaipeiTorontoWithofficesinArgentinaAustriaBrazilChileCzechRepublicFranceGreeceGuate
3、malaHungaryItalyJapanPolandPortugalSingaporeSouthKoreaSwitzerlandThailandTurkeyUkraineVietnamCopyrightÓ2006byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup-usa.comOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopa
4、rtofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataSocialinjusticeandpublichealth/editedbyBarryS.Lev
5、yandVictorW.Sidel.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN-13978-0-19-517185-3ISBN0-19-517185-31.Socialmedicine.2.Socialjustice.3.Publichealth—Socialaspects.I.Levy,BarryS.II.Sidel,VictorW.RA418.S64232005362.1'042—dc222004065433987654321PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperD
6、edicatedtohealthworkersthroughouttheworldcommittedtoendingsocialinjustice.ThispageintentionallyleftblankFOREWORDDespitethetremendousimprovementsinoverallhealthandlifeexpectancyduringthepastcentury,atthestartofthetwenty-firstcenturythereareun-conscionablegapsinhealthformanyvulnerablegroups,includin
7、gracialandethnicminoritiesandthepoor.Thesegapsinhealththriveinaclimateofeconomicandsocialinequities.Theseinequitiescreatetheconditionsthatad-verselyaffectthehealthofindividualsandcommunitiesbydenyingindividualsandgroup