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1、CommonMorality:DecidingWhattoDoBERNARDGERTOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSZCommonMoralityThispageintentionallyleftblankCommonMoralityZDecidingWhattoDoBERNARDGERT120041OxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCit
2、yMumbaiNairobiSaoPauloShanghaiSingaporeTaipeiTokyoTorontoCopyright#2004byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016www.oup.comOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced
3、,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataGert,Bernard,1934–Commonmorality:decidingwhattodo/BernardGert.p.cm.Includesbi
4、bliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-19-517371-61.Ethics.2.Title.BJ1012.G4452004170'.44–dc222003066200135798642PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaperZPrefaceThisbookprovidesaccountsofimpartialityandrationalityandshowshowtheyarerelatedtoourcommonmorality.Commonmoralityisthemorals
5、ystemthatthoughtfulpeopleuse,usuallyimplicitly,whentheymakemoraldecisionsandjudgments.Itistheonlyguidetobehavioraffectingothersthatallrationalpersonsunderstandanduponwhichtheycanallagree.Althoughthisagree-mentisonlyanagreementonthegeneralframeworkwithwhichtoconsidermoralproblems,commonmoral
6、itydoesdistinguishbe-tweenmorallyacceptableandmorallyunacceptablesolutions.Whilenotprovidingauniquesolutiontoanygenuinelycontroversialmoralissue,itallowsformorallyacceptableproceduresforsettlingallcontroversialissues.Italsoprovidesmoralsupportforestab-lishingthekindsofdemocraticgovernmentsa
7、ndpoliticalinstitu-tionsthatalloweveryonetoparticipateinthedecisionsthatwillaffecttheirlives.Commonmoralityisalsotheonlyguideforgoverningourbehaviortowardothersthatisbasedonnothingotherthantheuniversalfeaturesofourcommonhumannaturesuchasourfal-libility,r
