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1、—CHAPTER16PsychoanalysisandItsEarlyAlternativesWhenpsychologybecameascience,itbecamefirstawhichphysicaleventscauseallillness.Forexample,scienceofconsciousexperienceandlaterasciencephysiciansexplainedabnormalbehaviorintermsofofbehavior.Representativesofpsychology’searlybraind
2、amageorbiochemicalimbalance.Iftheyusedschools—forexample,Wundt,Titchener,andJamesthetermmentalillnessatall,itwasasadescriptive—wereawareofunconsciousprocessesbutdismissedtermbecausetheybelievedthatallillnesseshavethemasunimportant.Themethodologicalbehavior-physicalorigins.i
3、sts,suchasTolmanandMcDougall,postulatedcon-Thestressingofpsychologicalcausesofmentalill-sciousbutnotunconsciouscognitiveconstructs.Thenessseparatedthissmallgroupofphysiciansfromradicalbehaviorists,suchasWatsonandSkinner,re-boththeirownprofessionandacademicpsychology.fusedev
4、entoadmitconsciousnessintotheirpsychol-Theirswasnotaneasystruggle,buttheypersisted;inogy;thusthestudyoftheunconsciouswouldhavetheend,theyhadconvincedthemedicalprofession,beenunthinkable.AndalthoughGestaltpsychologyacademicpsychology,andthepublicthatuncon-wasmentalistic,itco
5、ncentratedentirelyonphenom-sciousprocessesmustbetakenintoconsiderationinenologicalconsciousexperience.understandingwhypeopleactastheydo.SigmundHowthencouldapsychologythatemphasizedFreudwastheleaderofthisgroupofrebels,butbe-theunconsciousmindemerge?Itdidnotcomefromforeweexam
6、inehiswork,weconsidersomeoftheacademicorexperimentalpsychology.Indeed,itdidantecedentsofhiswork.notcomefromthetraditionofempiricismandasso-ciationismatall,assomuchofpsychologyhad.Ratheritcamefromclinicalpractice.Thosewhode-AntecedentsoftheDevelopmentvelopedthepsychologyofth
7、eunconsciouswerenotofPsychoanalysisconcernedwithexperimentaldesignorthephiloso-phyofscience;norweretheyconcernedwithsub-Aswesawinthelastchapter,bothhypnoticphe-stantiatingtheclaimsoftheassociationists.TheynomenaandCharcot’sproposedexplanationofhys-wereconcernedwithunderstan
8、dingthecausesofteriahadastronginfluenceonthedevelopmentofmentalillnessandusingthatu