The Java Language Specification， Java SE 7 Edition.pdf

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1、TheJava®LanguageSpecificationJavaSE7EditionJamesGoslingBillJoyGuySteeleGiladBrachaAlexBuckley2013-02-28Specification:JSR-000901Java®LanguageSpecification("Specification")Version:7Status:FinalReleaseRelease:July2011Copyright©1997,2013,OracleAmerica,Inc.and/oritsaffiliates.Allrightsreserved.500Ora

2、cleParkway,RedwoodCity,California94065,U.S.A.OracleandJavaareregisteredtrademarksofOracleand/oritsaffiliates.Othernamesmaybetrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.TheSpecificationprovidedhereinisprovidedtoyouonlyundertheLimitedLicenseGrantincludedhereinasAppendixA.PleaseseeAppendixA,LimitedLicenseGra

3、nt.TableofContentsPrefacetotheJavaSE7EditionxvPrefacetotheThirdEditionxviiPrefacetotheSecondEditionxxiPrefacetotheFirstEditionxxiii1Introduction11.1OrganizationoftheSpecification21.2ExamplePrograms51.3Notation61.4RelationshiptoPredefinedClassesandInterfaces61.5References72Grammars92.1Context-Fre

4、eGrammars92.2TheLexicalGrammar92.3TheSyntacticGrammar102.4GrammarNotation103LexicalStructure153.1Unicode153.2LexicalTranslations163.3UnicodeEscapes173.4LineTerminators183.5InputElementsandTokens193.6WhiteSpace213.7Comments213.8Identifiers233.9Keywords243.10Literals253.10.1IntegerLiterals253.10.2

5、Floating-PointLiterals323.10.3BooleanLiterals353.10.4CharacterLiterals353.10.5StringLiterals363.10.6EscapeSequencesforCharacterandStringLiterals38iiiTheJava®LanguageSpecification3.10.7TheNullLiteral393.11Separators403.12Operators404Types,Values,andVariables414.1TheKindsofTypesandValues414.2Primi

6、tiveTypesandValues424.2.1IntegralTypesandValues434.2.2IntegerOperations434.2.3Floating-PointTypes,Formats,andValues454.2.4Floating-PointOperations484.2.5ThebooleanTypeandbooleanValues514.3ReferenceTypesandValues524.3.1Objects544.3.2TheClassObject564.3.3TheClassString574.3.4WhenReferenceTypesAret

7、heSame574.4TypeVariables584.5ParameterizedTypes604.5.1TypeArgumentsandWildcards614.5.2MembersandConstructorsofParameterizedTypes644.6TypeErasure654.7ReifiableTypes664.8RawTypes674.9IntersectionTypes714.10Subtyping724.10.1Sub