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1、SpaceSecurity:PossibleIssues&PotentialSolutionsByZiadI.AkirCollegeofCommunicationOhioUniversity,IntroductionSpacecommunication,particularlysatellitecommunication,isbecominganintegralcomponentofouroverallglobaltelecommunicationinfrastructure.Satellitesarebeingusedforcom
2、munication,navigation,remotesensing,imaging,andweatherforecasting.Satellitesarealsoprovidingbackupcommunicationcapabilitieswhenterrestrialcommunicationisinterruptedincasessuchasearthquakesorothernatural(orthunnatural)disasters.TheSeptember11eventsin2001demonstratedthev
3、alueof1redundantsatellitesystemsinsupportingrescueefforts.Manygovernmentsaroundtheworld,includingtheUnitedStates,relyoncommercialsatellitesystemsforcommunication,commerce,anddefense.Commercialsatellitesystemsincludeground-basedcomponentssuchasearthstationantennas,datat
4、erminals,andmobileterminals;andspace-basedcomponentsincludesatellitesandothersystems(e.g.spacestationandlaunchingvehicles)nowessentialtoglobalfunction.CommercialsectorsandgovernmentsaroundtheglobehavehugeinvestmentsinspacerangingfromGEOandLEOsatellitestothecurrentlybei
5、ngconstructedInternationalSpaceStation(ISS).Theseassetsarebeingusedtosupportessentialoperationssuchasbanking,telecommunication,imaging,manufacturing,andresearchaswellasdefense.Moreover,satellitesprovideserviceswhichcontemporaryhumanlife1SeeGabrielMartinez,“EmergingSate
6、lliteSystemsandTechnology”,Presentation,TheNationalCommunicationSystems,availableat:http://www.ncs.gov/tpos/training/pdf/New%20England/09_SATCOM.ppt1andwellbeinghavecometodependsonsuchaspredictingnaturaldisasters,guidingshipsandaircrafts,providingdistanceeducation,andt
7、elemedicine.Satellitesystemsareneverthelesssubjectedtointentionalaswellasunintentionalthreats.Thesethreatsmaybeground-based,space-based,orinterference-based.Threatsmayappearintheformofnaturaldisastersonearththatcanhitterrestrialstationsandcauseservicedisruptionduetodam
8、ageorpoweroutage.Environmentalthreatsinspacecanbeduetosolar/cosmicradiationorspaceobjectsincludingdebris.Finally,sola
