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1、TechnicalBarrierstoTrade:ACaseStudyofPhytosanitaryBarriersandU.S.-JapaneseAppleTradeLindaCalvinandBarryKrissoffConcernabouttheuseoftechnicalbarriersasrestrictionstotradehasincreasedsincetheWorldTradeOrganizationAgreementonAgriculture.Inthisanalysis,wequantify

2、thephytosanitarybarrierstoU.S.appleexportstoJapanbycalculatingtariff-rateequivalents.Weexaminethetradeandwelfareimpactsofremovingphytosanitarybarriersandtariffsundertwoassumptionsregardingtransmissionofthebacterialdiseasefireblight:first,thattransmissionviaco

3、mmercialfruitisnotpossible,andsecond,thatitcanoccur.Thediseaselossesrequiredtoeliminatethegainstotradeareestimatedtobemuchlargerthanthoseexperiencedinothercountries.关注利用技术壁垒作为贸易限制增加了自世贸组织农业协定。在这种分析中，我们量化的植物检疫壁垒美国苹果出口到日本的计算关税等值。我们审查贸易和福利的影响消除植物检疫壁垒和关税在假设传输对细菌性

4、疾病的火疫病：第一，传输通过商业水果不可能的，其次，它可以发生。本病的损失要求消除收益的交易预计将远远大于那些经历在其他国家。Keywords:apples,cost-benefitanalysis,Japan,phytosanitarybarriers,tariff-rateequivalents,technicalbarriers,welfareanalysis关键词：苹果，成本效益分析，日本，植物检疫壁垒，关税现金等价物，技术壁垒，福利分析IntroductionWhentheWorldTradeOrgan

5、ization(WTO)AgreementonAgriculturewasnegotiatedduringtheUruguayRoundoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,manyfeared当世界贸易组织（世贸组织农业协定谈判）在乌拉圭回合的关税与贸易总协定，许多人担心thatreducingtraditionalsupportstotheagriculturesectorwouldleadgovernmentstoplacemorerelianceontechnica

6、lbarriers(TBs)-particularlysanitaryandphytosanitarybarriers-toprotectproducers.TBsaredefinedasimportstandardsorregulationsthatreflectacountry'sconcernandvaluationforsafety,health,foodquality,andtheenvironment(RobertsandDeRemer;Hillman).TBsincludesanitaryandph

7、ytosanitary减少传统支持农业部门将导致政府更多地依赖技术壁垒（汤匙）——特别是卫生和植物检疫barriers-to保护生产者。公司是指进口标准或条例，反映一个国家的关注和评估安全，健康，食品质量，和环境（罗伯茨和德雷姆；战役）。美体小铺包括卫生和植物检疫regulatorymeasuresrelatedtofoodsafetyandanimalandplanthealth;foodstandardsofdefinition,measurement,andquality;andenvironmentalo

8、rnaturalresourceconservationmeasures.Todate,TBsgenerallyhavenotbeenquantified,andthereforecannotbeeasilycomparedwithothertradebarriers.TheAgreementontheApplicationofSanitaryandPhytosanita