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1、I.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.1.Clear［1］anddark[ł]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidt
2、obeincomplementarydistribution.(P24)2.Morphologyisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.(P32)3.Consonantsoundscanbeeither voicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.(P16)4.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCo
3、operative principleproposedbyJ.Grice.(P86-87)5. Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledasynchronicstudyoflanguage.(P4)6. Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswith
4、anyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.(P18)7. XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP“theboywholikesthispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.(P46)9. Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanutteranceisc
5、oncreteandcontext-dependent.(P70)11.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.(P70)12.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraper
6、iodoftime.(P70)13.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.(P70)14.Thearticulatoryappara
7、tusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.(P15)16.Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.(P70)18.Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeanin
8、gsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(P70)19.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledasarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacoustic
