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1AirlineTransitionCourseATPChapter17AeromedicalFactors 2AeromedicalFactors 3HypoxiaHypoxiaisastateofoxygendeficiencyinthebodysufficienttoimpairfunctionsofthebrainandotherorgans. 4TypesofHypoxia HypoxicHypoxiaLungsarenotgettingenoughoxygentodeliver.Causes:Breathingairatreducedbarometricpressure.StrangulationSevereAsthmaBreathholdingHypoventilationMalfunctioningoxygenequipmentataltitude. 5Hypoxic(Altitude)HypoxiaThereisnotenoughoxygenmoleculesavailabletobreathwithsufficientpressure.Asweclimbthepressuredecreasesthereforethenumberofavailableoxygenmoleculesalsodecreases.Hypoxicsymptomsdonotbegintobecomeevidentuntilabout5,000’especiallyatnight. 6TypesofHypoxia HypemicHypoxiaTransportationofOxygenisreduced.Causes:Drugs(nitritesandsulfanilamides)Chemicals(carbonmonoxideandcyanide)HeartFailureShockAcceleration(Gs)PosturalChangesTourniquets 7Hypemic(Anemic)HypoxiaBloodisnotabletocarrytheavailableoxygen.Anemia,orareducednumberofhealthy,functioningredbloodcellsforanyreason,meanslesscapacityforbloodtocarryoxygen.Occursmostcommonlyistheformofcarbonmonoxidepoisoning. 8CarbonMonoxidePoisoningHemoglobinphysicallycarries75timesmoreoxygenmoleculesthancanbeabsorbedintheoxygensolution.Hemoglobinacceptscarbonmonoxide250timesmorethanoxygen.Thisreducestheblood’sabilitytocarryoxygen. 9CarbonMonoxidePoisoningSymptomsinclude:HeadacheDrowsinessdizziness 10StagnantHypoxiaAnotherformofHypemicHypoxia.Theblood’sabilitytocarryoxygenisreducedduetothestagnatedflowofblood.Thisiscausedbytheheartfailingtopumpeffectively,anarteryconstrictingandcuttingofforreducingtheflow,andvenouspoolingofbloodduetogravity,suchasvaricoseveins. 11TypesofHypoxia HistotoxicHypoxiaBodyisnotabletoutilizeoxygen.Causes:CarbonmonoxideCyanideAlcohol 12HistotoxicHypoxiaHistotoxicmeansthecellexpectingandneedingoxygenisabnormalandunabletotakeupoxygen.Thisiscausedbytoxinsabsorbedbythecell.Thiscanoccurwhenalcoholispresentinthebloodorinthecellandpreventstheuseofoxygenbythecell.Thisiscausedbyalcohol,narcoticsandsomepoisons. 13StagesofHypoxiaIndifferentStageUpto10,000’CompensatoryStageFrom5,000’to15,000’DisturbanceStageFrom10,000’to20,000’CriticalStageAbove12,000’ 14IndifferentStage Upto10,000’Visionespeciallynightvisioncanstarttodeteriorateataltitudeslessthan5,000’Inanormalbodynightvisionislost5-10%at5,000’.15-25%at10,000’25-30%at12,000’ 15CompensatoryStage From5,000’to15,000’Thebodyandmindcanbeseverelyaffectedandinincreasingandsubtleways.Inthisstagehoweverthecirculatoryandrespiratorysystemscompensateforthereducedavailabilityofoxygen.Thishappensasaresultofincreasedheartrate,enhancedcirculation,andamoreproductivecardiacpumpingofblood.Breathingrateanddepthalsoincreases. 16DisturbanceStage From10,000’to20,000’Symptomsbegintobecomesevereincluding:HeadachesHyperventilationImpairedperipheralvisionMarkedfatigueSleepinessEuphoria 17CriticalStage Above12,000’Canhappenasfastas3-5minutesafterthebeginningofthecompensatoryordisturbancestages.Atthispointyoubecomeunconsciousandruntheriskofcentralnervoussystemfailureandconvulsions. 18HypoxiaSymptoms BodyLossofvisionPeripheralNightAcuityFocusWeaknessinmusclesFatigueSenseoftouchandpainarediminishedHeadacheLightheadednessordizzinessTinglingMuscularcoordinationdecreasedStammeringCyanosisAlteredrespiration 19HypoxicSymptoms MindImpairedjudgmentLossofself-criticismOverconfidenceOverlyaggressiveDepressionReactiontimedecreasedEuphoria 20FactorsAffectingHypoxia Self-ImposedPhysiologicalaltitudeisthealtitudewhichthebodyfeels.Thepresenceofself-imposedfactorscanraiseyourphysiologicalaltitude.1ounceofalcoholequals2,000’Smokersareatabout3,000’to5,000’Yourbodywilldealwithlowoxygenlevelsbetterifyou’reingoodshape. 21FactorsAffectingHypoxia EnvironmentalAcclimatizationIfyouliveathighaltitudeyouwillbelesssusceptibletohypoxia.RateofAscentThefastertheascenttheworseoffyouwillbe.DurationofExposureSymptomsaretimerelated.PhysicalActivityIncreasedactivitycanincreaseeffectsofhypoxia.TemperatureThebodyhastousevaluableoxygentocool,orheatitself. 22EffectivePerformanceTimeEPTisthetimefromwhentheoxygenwastakenawaytothetimethepilotcantakeaction,forinstanceputtingonoxygen.EPTcanbefurtherreducedinarapiddecompression,by1/3or½.AltitudeEPT18,00020to30minutes22,00010minutes25,0003to5minutes28,0002.5to3minutes30,0001to2minutes35,0000.5to1minute40,00015to20seconds43,0009to12seconds50,0009to12seconds 23TreatmentofHypoxiaIfthereisanysuspicionofhypoxiainyourselforacrewmate,theimmediateuseof100%oxygenisessential.Ifnosupplementaloxygenisavailablethenimmediatelygettheairplanebelow10,000’.Hypoxiaisavalidreasontodeclareanemergency. 24HyperventilationHyperventilationresultsfromanabnormalincreaseinthevolumeofbreathing.Theresultisanexcessiveamountofcarbondioxidebeingremovedfromthebody.Astressfulsituationcancauseanxietywhichcanleadtohyperventilation. 25Hyperventilation Symptoms 26shortnessofbreath breathlessness chesttightness&pressure chestpain feelingsofsuffocation sweatypalms coldhands tinglingoftheskin numbness heartpalpitations irregularheartbeats anxiety apprehension stress tenseness fatigue weakness exhaustion drymouth nausea lightheadedness dizziness fainting black-out blurredvisiondrowsinessconfusion disorientation attentiondeficit poorthinking poormemory poorconcentration impairedjudgment problemsolvingdeficit chronicpain headache trembling twitching shivering muscletensions musclespasms stiffness abdominalcramps bloatedness panicattacks toomanythoughtsthatwillnotstopwhenyouwouldlikethemto seizures highbloodpressure 27DECOMPRESSION 28ExplosiveDecompressionExplosiveThecabindepressurizesfasterthanyourlungs.Anydecompressionfasterthanhalfasecondisconsideredexplosive.Cancausedamagetoyourlungs.Veryrare. 29RapidDecompressionRapidOccursslowerthananexplosivedecompression.Doesnotresultinlungdamage.Thereisusuallyabangandasuddenfoggingoftheair.Morecommoninlargeaircraft. 30SubtleDecompressionSubtleMostdangerousThecabinaltitudeslowlyclimbsIfnotrecognizedhypoxiacanbeencounteredincludingthecriticalstage. 31EffectsofDecompressionontheBodyTrappedGasAnygastrappedinthebody,likeinthesinuses,willexpandandcausepain.DecompressionSicknessGasinsolution,oxygenintheblood,comesoutofsolution.Thiscauseswhatiscommonlyknownasthebends,whichispaininthejoints.Itcanalsoleadtoanaeroembolismduetobubblesreachingthebrain. 32CollisionAvoidance 33CollisionAvoidance andTCASI/II 34MotivationforCASystemsPacificaSouthwestFlight182 September25,1978 SanDeigo,CAAeromexicoFlight498 August31,1986 Cerritos,CA 35TrafficAlert/CollisionAvoidanceSystem(TCAS)FAAlaunchedTCASprogramin1981;deployedoncommercialaircraftin1993.Intendedasabackuptoairtrafficcontrol.Entirelyair-based;nogroundequipmentTwovariants:TCASI–Requiredforaircraftw/≤30seats.TCASII–Requiredforaircraftw/>30seats. 36TCASAdvisoriesTCASmonitorsalltransponder-equippedaircraftwithinfournauticalmiles.TrafficAdvisories–TCASI&IIAlertpilotofpotentialforconflictwithin40sec.ResolutionAdvisories–TCASIIOnlyAlertpilotofpotentialforconflictwithin20sec.Provideverticalguidancetoescapeconflicts. 37ExampleConflictScenarioOwnship (TCASIIEquipped)Intruder (TCASIIEquipped)ConflictConflictDESCEND,DESCENDTRAFFIC,TRAFFICCLEAROFCONFLICTTRAFFIC,TRAFFICCLIMB,CLIMBCLEAROFCONFLICT 38MaintainingAircraftSeparationAirTrafficControl(ATC)Monitorsallaircraftinagivenservicearea.Resolvestrafficconflictswellinadvance.TCASActivateswhenconflictisimminent(<1min).VisualIdentificationIneffectivewhenvisibilityispoor. 39TCASDependabilityPropertiesSafetyResolutionadvisoriesmustnotbringtheaircraftintogreaterharm.TCASmustnotcreateconflictswherenonewouldhaveexistedotherwise.ReliabilityTCASmustbeabletoendureanentireflightwithoutrequiringservice(10-18hours). 40Safety—BadGuidanceIntruder-TerrainServiceCeilingMultipleIntrudersServiceCeiling 41Safety—FalseAdvisoriesTCASmightdetectafalseconflictif……itreceivesbadtransponderdata.…itreceivesbadlocalflightdata.IfTCASissuesafalseRA,aconflictmightoccuriftheRAisfollowed.LimitedtimeforATCtodetect&interveneHowdoesthepilotknowwhotofollow? 42SummaryTCAShelpspreventmidaircollisionsbysupplementingairtrafficcontrol.TCASisanimperfectsolution.BadguidanceFalseconflictsAircrafthavebeensavedbothfromfollowinganddisobeyingTCASRAs. 43TITLE:BASICAVIATIONPHYSIOLOGYTIME:37MINUTESRATED:G 44ScanningTechnique 45ScanningScanningproceduresforeffectivecollisionavoidanceshouldconstitutelookingoutsidefor15secondstheninsidefor5secondsonarepeatingbasis(ATPHandbook)Inthedaytimescan10degreeincrementsfocusingnearandfar.About3secondsperincrement.Atnight,oneshouldscanfortrafficslowlytopermitoff-centerviewing(ATPHandbook) 46TheEyeRodsWorkbetteratnightBlackandwhiteDetectperipheralmovementAroundthesidesoftheeyeConesColorVisionInthecenteroftheeyeNeedslotsoflighttoenergize 47VisualIllusionsAutokinesiscanoccurinthedarkwhenapilotstaresatastationarylightforaperiodoftimewiththeresultthatthelightappearstomoveabout.(ATP) 48RelatedIllusionsCoriolisillusion–describestheeffectofaprolongedconstant-rateturnunderIFRconditionsfollowedbyanabruptheadmovementwhichcreatestheillusionofrotationaboutadifferentaxis(ATP.)Somatogravicillusion–mayoccurduringarapidaccelerationtakeoffandcreatestheillusionthattheairplaneisinanose-upattitude(ATP.) 49IllusionsLeadingtoLandingErrorsAnarrowerthanusualrunwaycancreatetheillusionthattheairplaneisatahigherthanactualaltitude. 50IllusionsLeadingtoLandingErrorsWhenlandingoverdarkenedorfeaturelessterrain,suchaswaterorsnow,apilotmaybesusceptibletotheillusionthattheairplaneappearstobeatanaltitudehigherthanitactuallyis,whichwouldresultinahardlanding.(ATP) 51IllusionsLeadingtoLandingErrorsHazecancreatetheillusionthattheairplaneisfartherfromtherunwaythanitactuallyis. 52IllusionsLeadingtoLandingErrorsSuddenpenetrationoffogcanleadtotheperceptionofpitchingup. 53IllusionsLeadingtoLandingErrorsRainonthewindscreencancreatetheillusionofbeingatahigherthanactualaltitude. 54Arewegoingtohitit?!Ifanaircraftaheadappearstobestationaryinthewindshielditisacollisionthreat. 55SPATIALDISORIENTATION 56THREESENSORYSYSTEMSVISIONVESTIBULARSYSTEMSOMATOSENSORYSYSTEM 57LEARNINGTOFLYUSEBASICORIENTATIONUSEALLAVAILABLESENSESOUTSIDEREFERENCESINSTRUMENTREFERENCES 58VISION90%oforientationMostreliablesenseInstrument/visualflightelementsSCAN!!!InterpretationAircraftcontrolEvenreliablevisioncanbefooled“Opticalillusions” 59CANYOUREADTHIS? 60WHICHLINEISLONGER? 61DOYOUSEETHEGRAY? 62WHATDOYOUSEE? 63WHATDOYOUSEE? 64HOWOLDISSHE? 65THEDANCINGELEPHANT 66AVIATION-RELATED VISUALILLUSIONSFeaturelessterrainFalsehorizonsGroundlightingAutokinesisRunwaywidthillusionRunwayslopeillusion 67AVIATION-RELATED VISUALILLUSIONSTerrainelevationAtmosphericillusionsRotorwashdrift(helicopters)Waterfall(helicopters)Brown/Whiteout(helicopters) 68VESTIBULARAPPARATUSSecondmethodofpositiondeterminationSupportsvisionVerystronginabsenceofvisionDetectangularaccelerations(turns)Detectlinearacceleration&gravityTwosystems,locatedinmiddleear 69SEMICIRCULARCANALS 70OTOLITHORGANS 71SOMATOSENSORYSYSTEM“SeatofthePants”AidsvisionandvestibularsystemsTactilepressurereceptorsBinauralhearing 72 73SPATIALDISORIENTATIONHumansnotflightadaptedVestibular/somatosensorybacksupvisionDisorientationInabilitytodeterminepositionConfusionaboutposition 74FOOLINGOURSENSESSicknessDrunkUnfamiliarenvironmentSimulators 75SENSORYILLUSIONSSub-thresholdaccelerationStraight&LevelThe“Leans”CoriolisIllusionSomatogravicIllusionElevatorIllusion 76Whatisthebestwaytoinduceanunrecognizablespatialdisorientation? 77SURVIVING SPATIALDISORIENTATIONRELYONVISIONPRACTICEINSTRUMENTFLIGHTOUTSIDEREFERENCEIFPOSSIBLEINSTRUMENTSIFNECESSARYSCANINTERPRETCONTROL 78SolutionTopreventorovercomespatialdisorientationrelianceontheflightinstrumentsisimportant. 79?QUESTIONS?
