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1、海洋科学导论名词解释Lithosphere岩石圈：软流圈以上的刚性固体物质层，包括地壳和上地幔顶部的刚性岩层，地壳与地幔的M面夹在岩石圈内部。2．Mid-oceanridgeandrisesystems洋中脊及隆起系统：贯穿洋盆的一系列海底山脉，延伸可达65000km，比临近的隆起高2-3km，一般宽1000-3000km。若这些山脉陡峭狭窄则称为洋中脊，若平缓且宽则为隆起。洋中脊有中央裂，而隆起则没有中央裂谷而是延中央抬升。延洋中脊及隆起轴向有宽约2km的狭窄火山带。洋中脊是离散型板块边界，板块相互远离形成新的地壳。3．Oceantrenc
2、hes海沟：海底狭窄陡峭的深沟。深6000-11000km，主要分布在太平洋，一些海沟在火山岛链附近，一些则分布在中美及南美边缘。海沟是汇聚型板块边界，相向运动形成消减带消灭旧地壳。4．Transformfault(转换断层)Faultwithhorizontaldisplacementconnectingtheendsofanoffsetinamid-oceanridge.Someplatesslidepasteachotheralongatransformfault.Theoppositesidesofatransformfaultare
3、twodifferentplatesthataremovinginoppositedirections.5.Divergentplateboundaries(离散板块边界):plateboundariesdivergeormoveapartatthemid-oceanridgewherenewlithosphereisformed.Convergentplateboundaries(汇聚板块边界):Atthetrenches,plateconverge,ormovetowardeachother,destroyingoldlithospher
4、eatsubductionzones.6.HotSpots（热点）ScatteredaroundtheEarthareapproximatelyfortyfixedareasofisolatedvolcanicactivity.HotSpotsperiodicallychannelhotmaterialtothesurfacefromdeepwithinthemantle,andmayformavolcanicpeak,orseamount,directlyabove,ormayproduceabroadswellingoftheoceanf
5、loororthecontinent.Hotspotsmayalsoresupplytheasthenosphere,whichisconstantlycoolingandbecomingattachedtothebaseofthelithosphere,thickeningtheplates.7.RiftvalleyTroughformedbyfaultingalongazoneinwhichplatesmoveapartandnewcrustiscreated,suchasalongthecrestofaridgesystem.8.Rif
6、tzoneAregionwherethelithospheresplitsandseparatesallowingnewcrustalmaterialtointrudeintothecrackorrift.9.polarwanderingcurveAplotoftheapparentlocationoftheEarth’snorthmagneticpoleasafunctionofgeologictime.10.TurbiditycurrentMovingflowsofsedimentandwater.Travelatspeedsupto90
7、kmperhourandcarryinsuspensionupto300kgofsedimentpercubicmeterFast-movingavalanchesofmud,sand,andwaterthatflowdowntheslop,erodingandpickingupsedimentastheygainspeed.11.TurbiditeSedimentdepositedbyaturbiditycurrent,showingapatternofcoarseparticlesatthebottom,gradinggraduallyu
8、pwardtofinesilt.12.GuyotsSubmerged,flat-topedseamounts.Seamounts,Steep-sidedvolcan
