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1、SPECalgarySectionReservoirandFracturingTechnologyIssuesinTightGasDevelopmentA.(Tony)SettariUniversityofCalgaryTAURUSReservoirSolutions,CalgaryWithcontributionsfromR.C.(Bob)BachmanTAURUSReservoirSolutions,CalgaryOutline•Abitofhistoryoftightgasdevelopment•Sa
2、mplingoftechnologyissues/advances:–Reservesestimation–PTA–specialissuesfortightgas–Modeling•Fractreatmentanalysis/optimization–Fraclengthvsconductivity–Waterfracs–Geomechanics-Shearfracturing•Fracmonitoringandlinkstogeophysics•SummaryAbitofhistoryoftightga
3、s•OnshoreNorthAmericasincethe1970’s•TaxincentivesintheUSin1980’sspurredtechnology,firstforayintoCBMbusinessandshales•Largeamountoftechnologydevelopedin1980’s:–Drivenbybeliefin“biggerisbetter”and“addingreservesbyfracturing”•Persistentlowpricesinthe1990’s–sl
4、owedR&D(withexceptions…)–Technologypackaginganduserfriendliness•Currentscene–Revivaloftightgasoninternationalscale(untilsummer2008…)–Unconventionalgas(TG,shale,CBM,…)sharerising–Developmentofmonitoringtechnologyandgeomechanicalaspectsjubsize(lbofproppant)9
5、068867894980066707482192019191919191919191920200406Abitofhistory•Schematicofthehistoryofproppedfracjobsizes(CottonValley,WilcoxLobo,U.S.)evolutionoffracsize(schematic)1,400,0001,200,0001,000,000800,000600,000400,000200,0000yearMaximumjobsizepumped:>7MMlbof
6、sand(Mobil,GHRinW.Texas)Reservoircharacterizationchallenges•Geologyandstratigraphy–Faulting–Lenticularsands–Channelsandcomplexfeatures–Shale/sandsequences•Fracturecharacterization–Seismicmethods–Wellboreimaging–DFMmodeling–Production,PTA,…•Integrationofmet
7、hodsimprovesqualityofcharacterizationReservesestimation•Tightgas–onepossibledefinition:–Permeability<=0.1md–Hydraulicallyfractured•Cannotproducewithoutastimulation•Mustestimatereservesusuallyfromshort-timedata–challenge!•Largeeconomicdecisionsbasedonextrap
8、olationsTheQuestion•Howdoweperformdeclinecurveanalysisontightgaswells?–CurrentstandardpracticeistouseArpsdeclinecurves••••Exponentialdecline,n=0Hyperbolicdecline,0
