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1、HowtoAvoidFoolishOpinionsAfterBertrandRussellToavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmankindareprone,nosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyou,notfromallerror,butfromsillyerror.避免错误需要规则。规则很简单。他们至少可以让你避免愚蠢的错误。Ifthematterisonethatcanbesettledbyobservation,maketheobserva
2、tionyourself.Aristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmen,bythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistake,towhichweareallprone.Ibelievemyse
3、lfthathedgehogseatblackbeetles,becauseIhavebeentoldthattheydo;butifIwerewritingabookonthehabitsofhedgehogs,IshouldnotcommitmyselfuntilIhadseenoneenjoyingthisunappetizingdiet.Aristotle,however,waslesscautious.Ancientandmedievalauthorsknewallaboutunicornsandsalamanders;notoneofthemt
4、houghtitnecessarytoavoiddogmaticstatementsaboutthembecausehehadneverseenoneofthemManymatters,howeverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.If,likemostofmankind,youhavepassionateconvictionsonmanysuchmatters,therearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownbias.Ifanopinioncontr
5、arytoyourownmakesyouangry,thatisasignthatyouaresubconsciouslyawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.Ifsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefive,orthatIcelandisontheequator,youfeelpityratherthananger,unlessyouknowsolittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontrarycon
6、viction.Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichtherenogoodevidenceeitherway.Persecutionisusedintheology,notinarithmetic,becauseinarithmeticthereisknowledge,butintheologythereisonlyopinion.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinion,beonyourguard;
7、youwillprobablyfind,onexamination,thatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencewarrants.Agoodwayofridingyourselfofcertainkindsofdogmatismistobecomeawareofopinionsheldinsocialcirclesdifferentfromyourown.WhenIwasyoung,Ilivedmuchoutsidemyowncountry-inFrance,Germany,Italy,andtheUnitedSta
8、tes.Ifoundthisveryprofitableindim
