自考0830-现代语言学自考串讲自考必过笔记

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1、0830-现代语言学笔记依据教材《现代语言学》何兆熊、梅德明主编外语教学与研究出版社笔记依据目录Chapter1Introduction1.Whatislinguistics?1.1Definition1.2Thescopeoflinguistics1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.3.1Prescriptivevs.descriptive1.3.2Synchronicvs.diachronic1.3.3Speechandwriting1.3.4Langueandparole1.

2、3.5Competenceandperformance2.Whatislanguage?2.1Definitionsoflanguage2.2DesignfeaturesStudyquestionsChapter2Phonology1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage2.Phonetics2.1Whatisphonetics?2.2Organsofspeech2.3Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds—broadandnarrowtranscriptions2.4Cla

3、ssificationofEnglishspeechsounds2.4.1ClassificationofEnglishconsonants2.4.2ClassificationofEnglishvowels3.Phonology3.1Phonologyandphonetics3.2Phone,phoneme,andallophone3.3Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair3.4Somerulesinphonology3.4.1Sequentialru

4、les3.4.2Assimilationrules3.4.3Deletionrule3.5Suprasegmentalfeatures—stress,tone,intonation3.5.1Stress3.5.2Tone3.5.3IntonationStudyquestionsChapter3Morphology1.Definition2.Morpheme2.1Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage2.2Typesofmorphemes2.2.1Freemorphemes2.2.2

5、Boundmorphemes2.2.3Morphologicalrules3.Compounding3.1Typesofcompoundwords3.2FeaturesofcompoundsStudyquestionsChapter4Syntax1.Syntaxasasystemofrules2.Sentencestructure2.1Thebasiccomponentsofasentence2.2Typesofsentences2.2.1Thesimplesentence2.2.2Thecoordinatesentence2.2

6、.3Thecomplexsentence2.3Thelinearandhierarchicalstructuresofsentences2.3.1Thelinearwordorderofasentence2.3.2Thehierarchicalstructureofasentence2.3.3Treediagramsofsentencestructure3.Syntacticcategories3.1Lexicalcategories3.2Phrasalcategories4.Grammaticalrelations5.Combi

7、nationalrules5.1Phrasestructurerules5.2Therecursivenessofphrasestructurerules5.3X-bartheory6.Syntacticmovementandmovementrules6.1NP-movementandWH-movement6.2Othertypesofmovement6.3D-structureandS-structure6.4Moveα—ageneralmovementrule7.Towardatheoryofuniversalgrammar7

8、.1GeneralprinciplesofUniversalGrammar7.2TheparametersofUniversalGrammarStudyquestionsChapter5Semantics1.Whatissemantics?2.So