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1、DoExercises4.1,4.2,4.3,and4.4inthetext 4.1A.FB.TC.FExercise4.2a. Thetrainwilleitherarriveoritwon'tarrive.b. Ifitrains,we'llgetwet.c. Everydoctorisadoctor.d. IfAlbertkilledadeer,thenAlbertkilledananimal.e. MadridisthecapitalofSpain.f. Everycityhaspollutionproblems.Onlya,c,dareanalyt
2、icallytry.Exercise4.3(1) a. Margaritapassedherdrivingtest. b. Margaritadidn'tfailherdrivingtest. a.entailsb.Ifa.istrue,b.istrueaswell;ifb.isfalse(i.e.,ifMargaritafailedherdrivingtest),a.alsohastobefalse(2) a. Cassidyinheritedafarm. b. Cassidyownedafarm.Thisoneisabithardsin
3、cetheexampleissomewhatvague[youwon'thaveexamplesthathavethisproblemontheexam!]…let'sthinkabouttheexampleinthefollowingway.Changeb.to:Atsomepointinhislive,Cassidyownedafarm.Now,ifa.istrue,b.istrueaswell;"inheritx"entailsthatthepersonwhoinheritsxowns xatleastforsometime;similarlyifCassidyneverow
4、nedafarm,itisalsothecasethathecouldhaveneverinheritedone.Again,donotthinktoomuchaboutthisexample,sincetherearecomplicationswhenwethinkaboutdifferenttemporalsituations.a.entailsb.(undertheaboveconditions)(3) a. Cassidyinheritedafarm. b. Cassidyownsafarm.a.doesnotentailb.Ifa.istrue,b.isn
5、otautomaticallytrue;Cassidycouldhaveinheritedafarm,andthensoldit;so,hewouldnotownafarmanymore.(4) a. Arnoldpoisonedhiswife. b. Arnoldkilledhiswife.a.doesnotentailb.Ifa.istrue,b.isnotautomaticallytrue(poisoningdoesnotnecessarilyresultindeath;e.g.,'Hepoisonedherbutshesurvived'isnotacontr
6、adiction)(5) a. Webroughtthischampagne. b. Thischampagnewasbroughtbyus.a.entailsb.Ifa.istrue,b.istrueaswell;ifb.isfalse,a.alsohastobefalse(6) a. Noteveryonewillliketheshow. b. Someonewillliketheshow.a.doesnotentailb.[butb.isanimplicatureofa.]Ifa.istrue,b.isnotautomaticallytrue(
7、logically,"noteveryone"doesnotentail"someone";if"noteveryonewilllikeit"istrue,itcouldalsobetruethatinfactnonewilllikeit;thereishowever,animplicature[seealsoPracticeProblem20];theMaximofQuantitywouldrequiretouse"none"ratherthan"noteveryo
