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1、TheCProgrammingLanguageCisahigh-levelprogramminglanguagedevelopedbyDennisRitchieandBrianKernighanatBellLabsinthemid-1970s.Althoughoriginallydesignedasasystemsprogramminglanguage,Chasprovedtobeapowerfulandflexiblelanguagethatcanbeusedforavarietyofapplications,frombusinessprogra
2、mstoengineering.Cisaparticularlypopularlanguageforpersonalcomputerprogrammersbecauseitisrelativelysmall-itrequireslessmemorythanotherlanguages.ThefirstmajorprogramwritteninCwastheUNIXoperatingsystem;andformanyyears,CwasconsideredtobeinextricablylinkedwithUNIX.Now,however,Cisam
3、importantlanguageindependentofUNIX.Althoughitisahigh-levellanguages,Cismuchclosertoassemblylanguagethanaremostotherhigh-levellanguages.ThisclosenesstotheunderlyingmachinelanguageallowsCprogrammerstowriteveryefficientcode.Thehow-levelnatureofC,however,canmakethelanguagedifficul
4、ttouseforsometypesofapplications.Nowlet’stakeanoverviewoftheCprogramminglanguage,bothhistoricallyandtechnicallyandtechnically.Asageneral-purposeprogramminglanguage,ChasbeencloselyassociatedwithUNIXsystemwhereitwasdeveloped,sinceboththesystemandmostoftheapplicationsthatrunonita
5、rewritteninC.Thelanguage,however,isnottiedtoanyoneoperatingsystemormachine;andalthoughithasbeencalleda“systemprogramminglanguage”becauseitisusefulforwritingcompilersandoperatingsystems,ithasbeenusedequallywelltowritemajorprogramsinvariousfields.Manyoftheimportantideasstemfromt
6、helanguageBCPL,developedbyMartinRichards.TheinfluenceofBCPLonCproceededindirectlythroughthelanguageB,whichwaswrittenbyKenTompsonin1970forthefirstUNIXsystemontheDEC-PDP-7.BCPLandBare“typeless”languages.Bycontrast,Cprovidesavarietyofdatatypes.Thefundamentaltypesarecharacters,and
7、integersandfloatingpointnumbersofseveralsizes.Additionally,thereisahierarchyofderiveddatatypescreatedwithpointers,arrays,structures,andunions.Expressionsareformedfromoperands;anyexpression,includinganassignmentorafunctioncall,canbeastatement.Pointersprovideformachine-independe
8、ntaddressarithmetic.Cprovidesthefundamentalcontrol-flowconstr
