分子生物学题库

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Ḅ᪀⚪(-)⌱⚪A⚪1.ᐵḄ┯ḄA.⍡Ḅᓫ"B.Ḅ
#᪀ᙠ%&ᑡ(C)*+,-ṹḄ᪀(/ᒹ12345&ᑡD.Ḅ6᪀ᓫ"
7⏚᪶᧖E.(ᙠ45;<=23Ḅ&ᑡ2.ᢣA.ᨵḄDNAᱏAB.ᨵḄRNAᱏAC.*+,Ḅ-ṹ&ᑡB2345&ᑡD.RNAḄ-ṹ&ᑡB;<45&ᑡE.CDE/F3.᪀Ḅ-ṹGᱥ/ᒹIA.snRNAB.hnRNACJKLD.;<L

1E.᪶⏘4.RSTUDNAḄ᪀(YUḄZᑖ&ᑡ5'AGGCTGACC3',ᐸ-ṹḄRNAef&ᑡA.5'AGGCTGACC3'B.5'UCCGACUGG3'C5'AGGCUGACC3'D.5'GGUCAGCCU3'E.5'CCAGUCGGA3'5.RSimRNAḄZᑖkṹLḄ-l᝞no127128129130131132133GCGUAGCUCUAACGGUGAAGCCvmRNA)wxYy23zᡂ|}U1ᨵḄ~⏚ᦪ)A.127B.128C.129D.130E.1316.᪶zᱥḄᱯA.-ṹB.|LRNAC.ᑁ1L/;

27.ᐵ᜜LḄA.᜜LḄᦪ᪀Ḅ⌕ᱯB.᜜L;<Ḅ&ᑡᙠhnRNA(C.᜜L;<Ḅ&ᑡᙠᡂmRNAD.᜜LḄ⍡C;ᣚ)*+,Ḅ&ᑡE.CDEF8.ḄḄA.᪀(ḄDNA&ᑡḄB.᜜Lᑁ1LḄᑜᑖ/FḄC.;

310.«᪶=᪶zᱥḄEᐹᨵA.®¯ᐗ¶B.·¸ᵨᐗ¶C.·¸ᵨLD.ᑁ1LE.RNAºᔠ⏘ᔠ"11.«᪶zᱥ/ᐹᨵCn¼½;<45&ᑡA.¾¿LB.²³LC.JKLD.®¯ᐗ¶E.45*+ᔠ"12.«᪶=᪶zᱥᐳᨵḄ;<45&ᑡA.poly(A)lB.JKLC.®¯LD.²³LE.¾¿L13.¼½/Ä᪶zᱥḄ;<45&ᑡ

4A.·¸ᵨLḄᔠ"B.RNAºᔠ⏘Ḅᔠ"CÅÆ*+Ḅᔠ"D.ᑖLÇÈḄᔠ"E.;<LḄᔠ"14.ᐵJKL┯ḄA.«᪶=᪶zᱥᙳᨵB.45;<°±C.RNAºᔠ⏘ᔠD.E/É;

5B.Óᢵ45¸ᵨC."JKLnÕYÖ×JKLᨵZᑖØD.«᪶zᱥᡠᱯᨵE.ᐹᨵÚᦻ᪀17.;<ÜÝ*+Ḅ¸ᵨA.Þß=ᔠJKLB.ÜÝ᪀Ḅ;

6C.
èArRNA&ᑡD.
èAtRNA&ᑡE.ié*+,L20.·¸ᵨᐗ¶Ḅ6,A.*+,BDNAC.mRNAD.rRNAE.tRNA21.᪶zᱥḄJKLA.RNAºᔠ⏘Ḅ஺LᔠBtRNAḄJKL&ᑡCÉ;

7D.tRNAE.5SrRNA23.IëJKL45Ḅ/ᒹIA.5srRNAB.5.8SrRNAC.18SrRNAD.28SrRNAE.45SrRNA24.òIëJKLóôY¼½Ḅ;

8E.CDE/F26./Ä᪶zᱥJKLᱯḄA.ᑖ)IஹIIஹIIIëB.úᔠḄRNAºᔠ⏘/û
½C.;<LüýJKLRNAºᔠ⏘eᔠD5srRNA-ṹḄ;<ᵫIëJKL5ᑴE.II
ᜧᑖsnRNAṹḄ27.᪶ᱥḄ
A.᪷ᡠḄᑖIஹIIஹIIIB.RNAᔠ⏘ᐰ⏘!Ḅ஺#ᔠC.ᐹᨵ&ᔣឋD.)*+DNAḄ,-.ᵨE.)*01Ḅ,-.ᵨ28.᪶ᱥ23᪶ᱥ
Ḅᐳᱯ67A.◤⌕:;.ᵨ<=.ᵨB.>?@C.RNAᔠ⏘IஹIKIII,#ᔠD.ABC6ᵫRNAᔠ⏘Ḅ஺EFE.)*DNA+GHIḄ,-.ᵨ

929.3᪶ᱥ᪶ᱥḄ
ḄK℉MN7A.ᐹᨵ&ᔣឋB.
O?@C◤⌕P.ᵨD.CQAB6RSE.RNAᔠ⏘,-.ᵨ30.3᪶ᱥḄ
TᑴVWḄA.snRNAB.hnRNAC.5SrRNAD16srRNAE.U6snRNA31.I
XY┯[Ḅ7A.T58srRNA#᪀ḄB.RNAᔠ⏘IḄ]2^_C.TFIAஹIBஹIC`,-.ᵨD.abGCE.ᒹd᪶eᐗg2RSᐗg

1032.
CQA.#᪀B.DNAC.mRNAD.rRNAE.tRNA33.ᐵQTATAiXY┯[Ḅ7A.jkᐹᨵTATAi#᪀B,7II
ḄlᡂᑖCnopGHD.ḄqrABᨵᐵE.CQAB6RS34.ᐵQII
st┯[Ḅ7A.mRNAṹḄB.ᜧᑖsnRNAṹḄC.+vbᨵTATAiD.ᒹbABC6E.w@35.TATAixᙠQzᑡV|#᪀!

11A.}~B.
C.:ᐗgD.E.36.Ill
ḄXYrḄ7A.3᪶ᱥ5srRNAṹḄB,U6snRNAṹḄC.tRNAṹḄD.CQAB6zSE.
O?+v@37.Ill
ᐹᨵwzᱯ6A.IIIḄ⊤B.III
᪶40sḄC.RNAᔠ⏘III#ᔠD.◤⌕TFDIAஹIIIBஹIIICP.ᵨE.3᪶ᱥᡠᱯᨵ38.RS
ᐗg7A.+᪶⏚ᑡ

12B.TATAiḄlᡂᑖC.CQAB6zSD.+v@E.w@39.V⚗7RS
ᐗgḄᱯ6A.CQTATAiRSB.TATAiᐳlᡂ
CḄD.ᒹdCAATiஹCACAiஹGCi`E.w:;.ᵨ,-.ᵨ40.}~7A.+ḄDNAᑡB.+ḄmRNAᑡC+ᐹᨵ.ᵨḄDNAᑡD.+ᐹᨵ.ᵨḄmRNAᑡE.+|ᐹᨵ⁚.ᵨḄGHI41.ᐵQ}~XY┯[Ḅ7A.C¢£vB.w}~ᡈὅᢓᑴ

13C.3᪶ᱥᡠᱯᨵD.T§:;.ᵨ#ᔠE.᪶⏚ᑡ,-.ᵨ42.}~,-.ᵨḄ7A.GHIB.snRNAC.¨:D.᪶⏘E.TATAi43.:ᐗgT§#ᔠA.©ªB.«ᑖḄnC.GH©⏘D.opGHE.¬44.:ᐗg®QA.:;.ᵨB.ᑁbC.

14D.RS
ᐗgE.ᑡ45.poly(A)°xᙠQA.I#᪀*ᐸᑡB.II#᪀*ᐸᑡC.Ill#᪀*ᐸᑡD.⁚E.¬46.ᐵQ°XY┯[Ḅ7A.3᪶ᱥmRNAḄ&;B.CQ#᪀Ḅ3²᜜K!C.7+´µḄAATAAAᑡD¶·ᑮAATAAAᑡ¹E.poly(A)°ᨵᐵ47.poly(A)°Ḅᐭ¹»7A.ᙠAAUAAAᑡzSᑗ½RNAஹ¾°B.ᙠ¿À!¹ᐭC.ÁAAUAAAᑡ¹ஹ¾ᐭᐸD.ÁabGU(ᡈU)ᑡ¹ஹ¾ᐭᐸ

15E.wRÃÄ48.TṹÅÆÇḄᨬÉDNAᓫC7A.ᑁbB.ËᑴCD.
E.¬49.¨:ᓄÍ>I,Ḅ7A.᪶⏘B.:ᐗgC.5,²Î#᪀D.E.DNA⏘50.ᐵQ¨:XY┯[Ḅ7A.᪶ᱥḄÏᱥÐ⌕7Ũ:RNAB.3᪶ᱥḄÏᱥbᨵŨ:RNAC.¨:7DNAÑÒḄᭆÔD.Ũ:RNATᵫ¬ÕᩭE.wRÃÄ

1651.ÏᱥT7Ũ:RNAḄ7A.3᪶ᱥmRNAḄ#᪀B.3᪶ᱥtRNAḄ#᪀C.3᪶ᱥsnRNAḄ#᪀D3᪶ᱥrRNAḄ#᪀E.wRÃÄ52.ᨵᐵmRNAḄXYrḄ7A.hnRNA!×bᨵṹMḄᑡB.ᙠ3'²ᐹᨵSDᑡCmRNAḄ⍡ÙÚṹ&ᔣ75'-3'D.ᙠÛÜᑁÝRNAbÞ!ᡠᓰàáâᜧE.mRNAãᑡDNAäÇ!Ḅ:åÇ+æ53.ᐵQçèé᪾XYrḄ7A.7mRNAḄlᡂᑖB.ᑁᨵ1◞ᑡC.3᪶ᱥḄçèé᪾ììíὶᙠ+AD.ᑁ☠ð5²bᨵABᑡE.ᵫñὶ:Úṹòó᣸ᑡÕᡂ

1754.çèé᪾xᙠQA.DNAB.hnRNAC.mRNAD.rRNAE.tRNA55.᪶ᱥḄmRNAᨵA.ᑁḄᑡB.C.poIy(A)D᪶"#$ᔠ&'E.()*+,56.ᐵ/$᪀12┯4Ḅ5A.6᪶ᱥmRNAḄᱯ'B.&/519C.:;<=>ᨵᐵD.?ᨵᵬAᓄC⛲E.EᡂGH5HIJ⏚LMN57.hnRNARᡂSmRNAḄᐵT5

18AUὅWXYYW/ZὅB.LὅWX[\C.Lὅᙳ+ᨵᵫᑁḄᑡD.LὅḄ_Aᑡ`⊡E.UὅḄbᱥ5Zὅ58.6᪶demRNAḄᔠᡂ+fgA.ᡂhiḄjᨵ_AB.3,9mpoly(A)opC.519mD.q◀s$᪀tuvᑖE.⌱yឋ{|59.6᪶ᱥmRNAḄ5H9$᪀~A.pppmGB.GpppGC.mGpppGD.GpppmGE.pppmGG60.ᨵᐵ⍡ṹḄḄ5A.I_AḄI⌼ᡂᡠḄA⏚Ḅᦋ

19B.ṹ5UAAஹUAGRUGAC.ᐭ_A=ṹ&D.⍡ṹᙠ/tRNAE.6᪶ᱥḄ=>ṹ¡ṹᵬ⏒ᓄ£⏚61.ṹ5¤I¥¦Ḅᭆ¨A.DNAB.rRNAC.tRNADmRNAE.snRNA62.poly(A)oḄ©ªᒹ¬A.:;<=>$ᔠB.Eᡂᱯ®$᪀C.:᪶"#RNA$ᔠD.¯RNA°ᔠ⏘²³´µ)ῃ·E.¸mmRNA¹ឋ63.◀AUG᜜H᪶ᱥḄ=>ṹ»¼ª5A.UCGB.UGC

20C.GUGD.GCGE.GUC64.½ᑡ¤ṹ~ṹA.GUAB.UGGCUGAD.AUGE.UAC65.+ª¡ṹA⏚Ḅṹ5AUAGB.AUGC.UUGD.GUGE.UGC66.½ᑡ¤¾A⏚Ḅṹ¼¿~=>ṹA.S-À᧖£⏚B.ᵬÂ⏚C.Ã⏚

2167.᪶ᱥÄÅC⛲ḄÆiǵḄN95A.fMetB.LeuC.PheD.AspE.His68.6᪶ᱥᔠᡂÑ>ÒÓᙠiǵN9ḄA⏚5A.methionineB.vaIineC.N-formyImethionineD.IeucineE.IsoIeucine69.tRNAḄᑖ$᪀ᱯØ5A.ṹÙR5H9CCAB.ṹÙR3'9CCAC.ÛṹÙR5H9CCAD.ÛṹÙR39CCAE.Ü$᪀ᕈÞ₝E

2270.jᨵ᪶᧖⏚àᨬâḄ᪶⏚5A.rRNAB.mRNACtRNAD.DNAE.snRNA71.ãäåtRNAḄÛṹ~ICU,æçḄṹ~A.AGGB.GGAC.UGADAGCE.TGA72.⍡ṹḄ᤮éឋ?êᙠA.ÛṹḄë1&_AB.ÛṹḄë2&_AC.ÛṹḄë3&_AD.A+CE.A+B+C73.ᐵ/=>tRNA┯4Ḅ5

23A.=>tRNAᙠ£ìíᔠᡂḄîï▤ñòó£⏚B.᪶ᱥḄ=>tRNAôõNIᵬ⏒£⏚C.6᪶ᱥḄ=>tRNAôõᵬÂ⏚D.=>£⏒ItRNA$ᔠᑮ᪶"#ḄP&E.()*+,74.½ᑡ¤+5tRNAḄᱯ'A.jᨵ_AàiB.÷ᓄḄA⏚|/59CCAC.:ṹøùḄ_Aú,+ûüD.ᑖàýE.ÛṹÙRA⏚þᑖçÿ☄
᎔LḄ75.tRNAᓄḄ⏚ḄA.ṹB.TwCC.DHUD.᜜E.CCA76.ᱥ᪶ᜧḄ!"#ᦪA.30S

24B.40SC.50SD60sE.70S77.&᪶'(᪶)ᱥᐳᨵḄrRNA,A5sB.5.8SC.16SD.18SE.23S78.(᪶)ᱥḄ᪶-.ᒹ0A.5SrRNAB.5.8SrRNAC16srRNAD.18SrRNAE.28SrRNA79.ᐵ
᪶23┯5ḄA.30sᵫ16srRNA'21789:;ᡂB.40sᵫ18srRNA'33789:;ᡂ

25C.50sᵫ5srRNAஹ23SrRNA'34789:;ᡂD.60sᵫ5srRNAஹ5.8SrRNAஹ28SrRNA'45789:;ᡂE.>?@.A80.ᐵ
rRNAḄ23┯5ḄA.ᑖCDEAFᜧB.G᪶89HᔠC.5SrRNAḄH᪀KL
IIIMKD.(᪶)ᱥrRNAH᪀KNOḄPᱥᙳ,ᓫSCRNAE.GmRNAஹtRNAᙳTU)EVWᵨ81.ᨵᐵsnRNAḄ23┯5ḄA.(᪶YZᡠᱯᨵB.]0^ᗌ`C
YZ:ᑁD.GmRNAḄbcdeᨵᐵE.G89:HᔠᡂsnRNP82.fghi⚩kḄᡂᑖᒹlA.snRNAB.7sLRNAC.snRNP

26D.SRPmE.Ribozyme83.nRNAḄWᵨo⌕A.ᢓᑴNOB."sDNAC."smRNAD.tuDNAE.tumRNA84.ᐵ
᪶⏘23wxḄA.ᓄyz:RNAB.ᑖ,DNA⏘'RNA⏘C.L
᪶⏚⏘D.{ᱥ|}DNAE.ᵫ᪶⏚'89:;ᡂ85.᝞KᐸṹḄ89:ᑖC-⏚U)ḄHA.H᪀ᦋB.H᪀.C.H᪀ᦋ

27D.}ᦋE.>?@.A86.ᑡ7ᱥ:.᪶⏚G89:ḄᔠᱥA.᪶B.snRNPC.SRPD᪶⏘E.k⏘87.H᪀KḄT}A.¥nB.┯nC.¦nD.§ṹE.>?@ᒹl88.¨ᢣA.ªA«ᣚªAB,®ᐭªAC.°±ªAD.ᦋ⏚

28E.>?@ᒹl89.᝞NO²³´ᑡU)ᑣT}A.89:H᪀ᦋB.89:¶·H᪀ᦋC.89:Ḅ¸ឋᦋD89:ḄºឋᦋE.89:Ḅ}ᦋ90.ᐵ
K»¼wxḄA.ᵫ¨½¾Ḅ┯n}¿À89:´ᑡÁB.P)¥nḄ&KṹCᐹᨵÃÄឋC.®ᐭᡈὅ°ᜫªÈᦋÉÊ▅Ì᪾D.ÎἠÐ'ᗌ`VE«ÑḄ¨Ò,NᣚE.H᪀KḄ89:⊤ÔDᦋ91.7ÕÖקṹA.᎔B.ØᣚC®ᐭªD.ÙÚ°ᜫªE.>?@.A

2992.KÛḄT}ÜᑴA.ᡠṹ89:ḄH᪀ᦋᐸ}ÝÞB.ᡠṹ89:ḄH᪀ᦋᐸ}ßàC.ᡠṹ89:ḄH᪀á.âᐸ⊤ÔDãäD.ᡠṹ89:ḄH᪀á.âᐸ⊤ÔDã±E.>?@ᒹlåæK;ḄH᪀G}çè⚪(-)⌱î⚪Aï⚪1.&᪶)ᱥð⁐K;A.òឋóôDNAᑖCB.õóôDNAᑖCC.òឋᓫôDNAᑖCD.òឋᓫôRNAᑖCE.õᓫôDNAᑖC2.(᪶)ᱥð⁐K;A.òឋóôDNAᑖCB.õóôDNAᑖCC.òឋᓫôDNAᑖCD.òឋᓫôRNAᑖC

30E.õᓫôDNAᑖC3.ᨵᐵ&᪶)ᱥH᪀KḄNO23wxḄA.Pᱥä,äSCRNAB.Pᱥä,ᓫSCRNAC..ÙÚNOD.AÒNOE.⌮NO4.&᪶)ᱥḄK;o⌕÷ᙠ
A.:kB.òkCM᪶D.᪶E.ùú5.ᑡᨵᐵ&᪶)ᱥḄ»¼wxḄA.&᪶)ᱥK;DNAáᯠG89Hᔠâ.ᡂ(wḄð⁐H᪀B.H᪀K-÷ᙠᜧDḄᑁ0CC.H᪀KᙠK;-ᡠᓰ¸ýFþD.&᪶)ᱥᨵ(wḄYZ᪶E.K;-ᨵᜧDḄÿ
ᑡ

316.ᑡᨵᐵ᪶ᱥḄḄA.᪶ᱥḄ᪀
ᑡḄᙠB.ᙠ!"#$ᐵὶḄ᪀&ὶᙠ'(C.ᙠ')ᑁ!+)᪀ᐳᵨ')./D.ᐗ12᪀E.34ᙠ')ᑴ(67.7᪶ᱥ8⁐:Ḅ;3<=A.>ឋ<=:B.
ᑡᱯAឋDNAᔠ<=C.CDᱯADNA
ᑡḄEFᙠG<=$D.#ᑴHIJ⊤LE.MDNAᑖḄᢚPQ3R8.7᪶ᱥ8⁐:ḄS᪀ᓫUA.a-WXB.᪶YZC.:[D.'ᱏ]E.᪀^

329.ᐵG7᪶ᱥ᪀ḄHI!ḄA._ᱥ`a`bcRNAB._ᱥ`aᓫbcRNAC.deHID.fgHIE.hijklᔣa3'-5'10.᜜oḄᱯ6pqA.rṹ<=:B.rṹ<=:C.4tHIuvwD.tHI2tvwE.⁚⊤L11.ᑡᨵᐵyzDNA┯|ḄA.'}~
ᑡB.ᓫU'a2~10bpC.⚣᳛L106D.#a⍡᪗E.ᙠ3ᓰ5%~6%$

3312.ᑡᨵᐵ7᪶ᱥ᪀ḄḄA.᪀ᜧaB.᪀ḄHIdeḄC.ᨵᜧḄ
ᑡD.᪀ᙠ3ᡠᓰYE._ᱥ`aᓫbcRNA13.8⁐Z⍡ᱥ:Ḅ⌕ᓄᡂᑖA.3<=B.;3<=C.DNAD.RNAE.mRNA14.7᪶ᱥ8⁐:Ḅ3<=A.⏚ឋ<=:B.>ឋ<=:C.'}HID.ᵯ₹E.ᵯ₹15.ᢣ£ᔠᡂ7᪶ᱥ<=:Ḅ
ᑡ⌕

34A.~
ᑡB.
ᑡCᓫ¤¥
ᑡD.yzDNAE.cᔣ
ᑡ16.7᪶ᱥḄ3'¦ᜧ!uᡠ§ᦪᓾª«!¬ᐸᑡḄA._ᱥ`aᓫbcRNAB.ᙠᜧḄ
ᑡC.;rṹ®ᡠᓰᜧD.ᙠᜧḄᑁE.rṹ®ᡠᓰªY17.ᙠDNA3ᢈ°!ᨬqᵨᑮḄ³ᙠG᪶ᱥḄ´ZA.BACB.µ8⁐ZC.¶·ZD.:[E.YAC18.᪶3¸!7᪶3Ḅrṹlᐸ¹,

35⌕Z¼ᙠA.ᓫbcḄ½¾HIB.`bcḄHIC.ᙠᜧḄ
ᑡD.3ᜧE.᪀ᡠᓰY19.ᵨ;ᱯAឋ᪶⏚⏘⏘ᑗ7᪶Ḅ8⁐:DNAÁ!ᜧ`ᦪÂÃÄᑮÅ200bpḄᱏÆ!ᐸ⌕A.DNAᱏÆÇB.È)᪶YZᓫUᒹÅ200bpḄDNAC.᪶⏚⏘ÊᨵᱯAឋD.3᪀ËᓫE.DNAÌឋḄÍÎÏ3ᑴÐÑ⚪(-)⌱Ö⚪A×⚪1.ᜧØᩚ·DNAḄᑴA.aᓫ(6ᓫᔣᑴB.aÚ(6ᓫᔣᑴ

36Caᓫ(6ÚᔣᑴD,a`(6ÚᔣᑴE.aÚ(6Úᔣᑴ2.Ì[ZDNAḄᑴA.âᵨãäᑴB.âᵨDäᑴæC.çᩩéêÚi¹ÁᑴD.çᩩéêÚiᙠ¹'(6ᑴE.ë£iìíi¹Áᔠᡂ3.ᔠᡂᑄðᱏÆ◤⌕A.dNTPB.NTPC.õᱥ⏘D.DNAöᔠ⏘E.DNAd÷⏘4.MeseIsonQStahIᑭᵨ15N14N᪗ᜧᩚḄA.DNAmRNAB.DNA!"#$%C.DNA'()ᶇḄ+,-ᑴ

37D.DNA/0-ᑴE.DNA'ᐰ)ᶇḄ+,-ᑴ5.DNA-ᑴ23456ᑡ85'-TAGA-3',9ᔠᡂ<ᑡ=>?⊡A᪀A.5'-TCTA-3'B.5,CATCA-3'C.5'-UCUA-3,D.5,-GCGA-3'E.5'-AGAT-3'6.DE⏘8C>A.GHDNAḄDNAIᔠ⏘B.RNAIᔠ⏘C.DNAJK⏘D⌮⏘E.MᡫO᪀⏘7.DNA-ᑴ8ᵫ'<=>⏘QᓄḄA.DNAᢣTḄDNAIᔠ⏘B.DNAᢣTḄRNAIᔠ⏘C.RNAᢣTḄRNAIᔠ⏘D.RNAᢣTḄDNAIᔠ⏘

38E.MᡫO᪀⏘8.DNA8'=>WXY-ᑴḄA.ᑄ[ᱏ]B.^ᩩ`aWC.bTWD.cdWE.'efg89.<ᑡijkg◤⌕RNAnᱥḄ8A.bTWpᡂB.cdWpᡂC.ᑄ[ᱏ]pᡂD.DNA-ᑴE.DNA10.DNA-ᑴḄnrijkg◤⌕A.stu⏘B.nᱥ⏘C.nrvD.w>#$%xyE.DE⏘

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68B.ᨵDNA-PKmn:;C☠LMឋ$A:;D.ᐸ:;4!¤¥:;E.☠KLMឋ$A:;17.ᐵT5-¦§ᗌḄEz⚗┯\A.a©ª¡'n«⊡+'&B.!'®¯ᱥC.akJ23D.akJ0ṹ23E.!°±®¯ᱥ18.ᐵTDNAᓫ+,-ḄEz⚗┯\A.a²ᑮᐰ:;B.´᪶RᱥᩭZ!¶ឋḄC.ᵯ¸¹jato®D.'ẚ»¼ῃ½᧕tDNAᓫ+,-E.ῃ᪶ẚ»!¤¾z19.ᨵᐵLMឋ$AḄ┯\Ḅ!A.¤᪶RᱥIJᐵᵨḄ!RecABCB.´᪶RᱥIJᐵᵨḄ!Rad51BC

69C!¿ÀÁᱥ*+,-Ḅ:;<=D.ᐹᨵÃḄÄÅឋE.◤⌕ATPmn20.ᐵT┯&:;XᑡZ[Ḅ!A.Rad51BCmnB.Æᨵ⏘mnC.aDNA*+,-ÇÈ:;D.MutBCmnE.!zF4Ḅ:;21.ᐵTDNAḄ:;XᑡZ[┯\Ḅ!A.ᓫ+,-Éᓫ'aᐰ:;B.zFaᵫF⌶Ë:;C.zF:;⌶ËamnFDNAḄ:;DᔜFaᐰ:;E.Í:;ÎaÏᙠ2322.n:;ÐÑr◍ᨵᐵḄÒy!Ḽ⁐ឋwxyB.Ó§ÔC.ÕÖy

70D.×ØE.ÓÙ23.ᗌUVᨬ8ᓫḄÚU<=!A.SOS:;B.ᑗ◀:;C.$A:;D.┯&:;E.ᐝ;d⏘Ḅᵨ24.DNAÎÛᑗ◀:;ÐÑ◤⌕1.DNA⏘Ü2.DNAUᔠ⏘8ᡈ£Ü3.XPBC®ÛᔜFᱥÞᵨḄᐜÎàá!A.1,2,3B.2,1,3C.2,3,1D3,2,1E.3,1,225.Ḽ⁐ឋwxy!â®ḄzF⍡qឋxãyÛäὅxãÍ□ᐝ᯿jÎ᧕}çèxãéÛoyḄᑖëGᳮ!A.íîïðñឋᓣkJᜫôB.ᙠ□ᐝXõö÷øឋù0⏘®ᜫd

71C.f᜜h᯿jútûᨵüýḄþyüD,íî4ᔠᡂ®ÿ
ᓄᔠᱥE.DNAᨵ◍⊤⚪(-)⌱⚪A⚪1.⊤ᒹজᑴঝ#$ঞ⌮#$ট()A.জ+ঝB.জ+ঞCঝ+টD.ঞ+টE.জ+ঝ+ট2.*᪶,ᱥḄ#$.◤⌕A.12DNAḄRNA3ᔠ⏘B.56⏚᪶᧖C.DNAD.RNAE.9:;

723.ᐵ=#$>ᑴḄ?@ABCDEḄFA.DNAGHᙳᑴ>#$B,ᑴḄJᧇFL6⏚ῃN᪶OA#$ḄJᧇFL6⏚᪶᧖Cᑴ◤⌕PᱥA#$.◤⌕PᱥD.ᑴ⏘F12DNAḄDNA3ᔠ⏘A#$⏘F12RNAḄDNA3ᔠ⏘E.ᙳ⍳RSTUVWAXYZAU[Ḅ\ᱥFT4.ᐵ=#$>ᑴḄ]^_ABC┯aḄFA.᪶᧖⏚b3,5L6⏚cdefgB.bDNAhXYC.JᧇhdNTPᡈNTP,jᡂ᪶⏚HḄFdNMPᡈNMPD.\ᱥlmnឋḄXYᩖqE.r,᪶⏚HḄstuᔣFwL5,5.xyz#$\ᱥḄ{ᑖ}ᑡF5'-AUCCUGGAU-3',ZHḄ][}ᑡhA.5'-ATCCAGGAT-3'B.5'-TAGGTCCTA-3'C.5'-TAGGACCTA-3'D.5'-UAGGACCUA-3'

73E.5'-ATCCUGGAT-3'6.E.coliḄRNA3ᔠ⏘ZA#$_ḄjᑖFA.᪶⏘B஺C.aD.BE.B'7.*᪶,ᱥZARNA3ᔠ⏘IIḄ#$\ᱥFA.45SrRNAB.5SrRNAC.tRNAD.U6snRNAE.hnRNA8.ᐵ=*᪶,ᱥḄRNA3ᔠ⏘ABCDEḄFA.RNA3ᔠ⏘IIU©ªⅤS᩽®B.RNA3ᔠ⏘IḄ#$\ᱥ¯¯F°ᑖ±RNAC.RNA3ᔠ⏘Ḅ²³´}ᑡlµ,6⏚ᓄD..L¶◤⌕9:;±·¸E.RNA3ᔠ⏘IIIḄ#$\ᱥF45SrRNA

749.ᐵ=E.coliRNA3ᔠ⏘Ḅ஺±ḄBC┯aḄFA..¹m#$sº»¼B.-35?>-10?#$C஺±½.ῃ¾A#$.¿Àᐭsº▤ÃD.o±ḄÄÅ=᪶⏘AlᑭᵨE.#$ÈÉA⊡Ë஺±lÌÍRNAḄ,ᡂÄ10.ᙠzÏÐ᜜#$ÐZA½XYHÒᨵfÓḄA,ËᐭÔÕᱥ;lU\ᱥÀÖ×Øឋ᪗ÚA.a-32P-UMPB.Y-32P-dTTPC.B-32P-UDPDa-32P-UTPE.Y-32P-UTP11.ÛᑡÜ⚗.FP±12Ḅ#$ÞßḄᱯ_A.#$Þßáâãᙠ=RNAäåDNAXYB.P±ᨵATP⏘æឋ>çèé⏘æឋCP±êᔠRNAḄ¿ëì=UDNAḄêᔠëD.,ᡂḄRNAHḄ3,³¯¯íÒCE.P±î»m#$\ᱥêᔠäµᢵ#$Þßðᵨ

7512.*᪶,ᱥIIóḄôõ±᪶}ᑡîö÷=A.-25?B.-10?C.-35?D.+1?E.+10?13.*᪶,ᱥZAmJ᪶,ᱥḄPribnowboxþ¿]ÿḄ
A.GCboxB.CAATboxC.CACAboxD.(8bp)ᐗE.Hognessbox14.ᑡᱥ!"#$%&'(᪶*ᱥḄRNAᔠ⏘/ᔠ012Ḅ
A.3452B.672C8952D.:;52E.஺52

7615.(᪶*ᱥḄRNAᔠ⏘IIᙠ>ᐭ89:;▤ABC#ᐸᨬᜧGHIHJK/᪀MN*O⏚ᓄ
R◤Ḅ#TᓄUVWXḄ8952
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A._᪶`a"8934bᔠᱥḄcᡂe◤⌕8952B,8952Ḅᓄgh!
ij!C.8952klDNA—ij!ஹij!Vij!nopᵨrᑴ8934D.8952Ḅ89tuMᒹwxᢣஹz{V8|Vz{}/᪀ME.~8952Ḅe᣸ᑡᔠᓽrH5Ḅ8917.ᐵZ(᪶*ᱥḄ89:;#[\Ḅ
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77⏗¥mRNAE.⏗¥tRNA19.ᐵZ©ª⛲#[\Ḅ
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A.ijḄᡂÀmRNAÁ◤polyA¿B.¿ÄÅᒹwAAUAAAÇÈÉGUḄÊᑡC.ËᑗlÍ◤⌕ij!52Ḅ&'D.¿e◤ÎÏE.AcᡂḄlÍ
Ð᠒ஹᒴÓḄÔÕ21.ᐵZËÖḄ[\#Ḅ
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78E.ËÖḄmRNAe$³ÎÏìDNAᩖî22.RNAÝïN*ᙠA.ᡂÀḄmRNAB.tRNAÇrRNAḄCChnRNAD.ᡂÀḄtRNAÇrRNAE.snRNA23.ᑡðñ#DNAòìóÙḄ⍡õÄö÷ᨵᦋúA.RNAÝïB.8ᣚC.┯üýúD.᎔E.ÿṹ
24.ᐵ᪶rRNAḄḄA.rDNA᪶ᕈὶ᣸ᑡB.Ḅ5srRNAᡂ!"#RNAḄ$%ᑖC.rDNA'()*Ḅ+,(◞ᡠᑖ◞D.+,(◞/0ᑁ2#E.45SrRNA34*56ᡂ716Sஹ5.8S928srRNA

7925.;<=>?᪶⏚9ABCDE;ᱥᜧᑖ#'(ḄHIJᵨLᑡᱥCMNO᪶⏚$ABCᔠᱥḄA.teIomereB.spIicesomeC.ribozymeD.SRPE.mRNP26.ABCḄ;ᱥᔠᡂNQ6◤⌕A.RNAB.RNA5ᑗ,#c.ᑖ#UVD.W#XᔠABE.GTP27.mRNAᙠABCᔠᡂMḄZ[A.\]⍡_`ṹᡠabḄc+⏚B.dABCXᔠefᔠᡂgᡠC.dW#XᔠABXᔠh>ijD.ᵫlὶm`ṹᢣoc+⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ!pE.qr5ᑗ,#ᑗ◀polyAtuvijᦔ᳛

8028.yz{|L+,Ḅ}
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81º⏘33.c+⏒-tRNAᔠᡂ⏘Ḅᱯ}A.[¾¿À⏚ÁÂÃᢵ᪥Z[B.ac+⏚ᨵÅaÆ$ឋC.atRNAᨵHaÆ$ឋD.ac+⏚9tRNAÇᨵÈÉᱯÊឋE.[¾¿ºÃᢵ᪥Z[34.=ᓄÌḄc+⏚Í[dtRNAXᔠÎÏc+⏚Ḅ=ᓄrÐ◤⌕ÑὑÓÏÈ[À⏚ÃA.1B.2C.3D.4E.535.ᐵÔÕtRNA┯ḄA.ᙠºÖ×Ø▤ÚÔÕtRNAN[Û\]Ac⏚B,³᪶d᪶ÔÕtRNAᡠÜÝḄc+⏚N0C.᪶;ᱥM®¢AUGḄtRNAÞßᨵDzD.³᪶;ᱥḄÔÕtRNA*àáAUGஹGUG9UUGE.³᪶;ᱥḄÔÕtRNA*\]N$ᵬ⏒ᵬãc⏚ஹäc⏚9åc⏚36.³᪶;ᱥḄ70SijÔÕᔠᱥNᒹç

82A.50Sµ+B.IF-2C.fMet-tRNAD.mRNAE.30Sµ+37.᪶;ᱥôdABCᔠᡂḄÔÕ,#ᨵÓzA.1B.2C.3D.438.³᪶;ᱥḄijÔÕ▤ÚøùfMet-tRNAXᔠAUGḄA-τF-2B.IF-1C.elF-2D.elF-3E.elF-439.SDpᑡdLᑡzrRNAHIJᵨA.5SB.23SC.16SD.5.8SE.18S40.³᪶;ᱥḄijrÐM[ÿᐭPḄA.fMet-tRNAB.Met-tRNAC.Vai-tRNAD.Leu-tRNAE.IIe-tRNA41.ᐵ᪶ᱥḄ!"#$%&'(Ḅ)*A.!"#$Ḅ+,-.᪶ᱥ/ᩖ

83B.elF-21⁚᪶!"#$Ḅᐵ345C.#$67⏒9tRNA:ᐭ᪶;<ḄPD.mRNAḄSD?ᑡAᐸᙠ᪶;

8445.᪶ᱥuvA!"wxḄyz45Ḅᦪ{A.1B.2C.3D.4E.>546.UVWᔠᡂ|}ὑḄᙠজ67⏚ᓄঝ:ঞᡂMটXঠjMNḄyzA.জ+ঞ+ঠB.জ+ঝ+ঞC.জ+ট+ঠD.জ+ঝ+টE.জ+ঝ+ট+ঠ47.UVWᔠᡂ|%1M3◤⌕}ὑ⏚3A.1B.2C.3D.4E.548.ᐹᨵi⏘ឋyzjMNḄUVW45A.RF-3B.RRC.
⏘_D.X⏘E.IF49.!"&ᒹA.ᵫᑖ5ᢚᡂ᪀¢B.
tRNA

85C.£7¤ᔠD.67⏚¥7Ḅᐳ§¨⛲E.7Ḅªᔠ50.ᐵᑖ5Ḅ®%┯°ḄA.±²ªᔠ³ᜩᯠ᪀¢ḄUVWB.¶·9¸-¹º»ḄUVWC.¼½¾UV¿ÀḄᑖ5D.ÁÂÃᙠ.᪶I᪶ÄÅE.ᐸÆᵨ&ÈÉUVW9ʪ᪀ḄËÌ51.jÍMNu%&ᐳ§¨⛲Ḅ67⏚¥7A.CysB.ThrC.MetD.ProE.Lys52.ÔᑡÕ⚗&Ë×MḄᱯÙA.NÚ9ÛRÜÝÞß67⏚Ḅ?ᑡB.AÄÅWuḄË×±²⚩áªᔠC.SRPâ<UV:ᐭᑁWäᡠåæḄD.NÚ9ÛRÜÝçß67⏚Ḅ?ᑡE.!"Ḅè|éêjÍMNë+ᑁWäì53.éêjÍMN☰ᔣð〈ᑮÄÅ᪶Ḅ᪶⏚?ᑡò¹

86A.signaIpeptideB.NLSC.KDELD.MLSE.SD54.øᵨ!"XùúᑴḄUVWA.üýᳫUVB.M¸ÿC᪶DNAṹḄD.⊈E.⏘55.⚗⊤!ḄᶖA.mRNA&'ᢣ)Ḅ*ᔠᡂB.DNA&'ᢣ)ḄhnRNAᔠᡂC.DNA&'ᢣ)ḄDNAᔠᡂD.DNA&'ᢣ)ḄrRNAᔠᡂE.DNA&'ᢣ)ḄsnRNAᔠᡂ56.3ᑡ⚗567Ḅ8ᧇB.ATPC.CTPD.UTP

87E.GTP57.67=ᡂḄRNA>?@ᙠA.dAMPB.CTPC.UDPD.dTTPE.UMP58.CD67Eᱥ5A.G67HIJᑡK&'67ḄJᑡB.GL᪀K&P'67ḄᐰOJᑡC.G᜜RK&'67ḄJᑡD.GᑁTK&'67ḄJᑡE.GUVW59.XYḄ67Z[5A.W\ஹ^_B.W\ஹ^_C.W\ஹ^_D.W\ஹ^_E.GUVW

8860.ᙠaᑴc67?ᙳefᵨḄ5A.RNAhᱥB.DNAiᔠ⏘C.NMPD.dNTPE.*61.lmaᑴc67Ḅiᔠ⏘n┯pḄqr5A.sᱥtB.uᓄiᔠwxḄytc.EᱥtD.z{WᶍᨵtE.&'>t62.GDNAK&'ᔠᡂRNAḄZ[\KA.DNArepIicationB.transcriptionC.reversetranscriptionD.transIationE.RNArepIication

8963.67&'Eᱥ@ᙠḄzWxᐵ5A.AfTB.U-*AC.A-*UD.C-*GE.G64.RNA67ᔠᡂ◤⌕Ḅ⏘5A.DNA-dependentDNApoIymeraseB.DNA-dependentRNApolymeraseC.RNA-dependentRNApoIymeraseD.RNA-dependentDNApoIymeraseE.TaqDNApoIymerase65.᪶=ᱥḄRNAiᔠ⏘ᨵ66.8᪶=ᱥḄRNAiᔠ⏘ᨵA.1B.2C.3D.4E.567.E.coliRNAiᔠ⏘Ḅ᪶⏘TᨵḄ5A.aஹBBnஹoB.aஹBஹ஺ஹ3C.aஹBnஹ஺ஹ3D.aஹBB'ஹ3

90E.BஹB'ஹ஺co68.ᜧ¢ᩚ¤Ḅ67ᐰZ[¥¦◤⌕A.aB2B'3B.a28B'3C.aBBD.a2B2B'3E.aBB'369.E.coliRNAiᔠ⏘Ḅᐰ⏘᪶⏘Ḅ¨©ᙠA.aB.BC.B'D.oE.GUVᒹ«70.᪶=ᱥ?uᓄᔠᡂtRNAḄ⏘5A.a2BB'B.a2BB'஺C.RNApoIymeraseID.RNApolymeraseIIE.RNApoIymeraseIII

9171.⍡®ṹḄ¯°ឋ5ᢣA.²ὶ®ṹṹ´⏚B.²ὶ®ṹṹ´⏚C.²ὶ®ṹṹt´⏚D.tḄ²ὶ®ṹṹtḄ´⏚E.²ὶ®ṹ?¶·zḄ¨¸¹ºṹ´⏚Ḅᱯ¸ឋ72.ᐵᔜ8᪶=ᱥRNAiᔠ⏘Ḅ஺n½¾┯pḄ5A.¿ÀÁB.ᑖÃtC.Ä67ÅÆZ[D.67e¥ÇÈLᔠE.ÉÊ67Ḅᱯ¸ឋ73.8᪶=ᱥRNAiᔠ⏘Ḅ஺ËÌ67e¥ÇḄÍ*5A.DNA*ÈÎfᵨB.RNA*ÈÎfᵨC.**ÈÎfᵨD.DNA—DNAÈÎfᵨE.DNA—RNAÈÎfᵨ

9274.3ᑡ⚗᪶⏚A.67B.ÏÐC.67D.aᑴE.Ñw75.3ᑡ·ÒᐵÓ¾ÔÕḄ5A.Ö×ØÙ·67e¥Ç3ÚB.ÛÜᐰO·L᪀ᑁOC.ᜧOᑖTATAÝ·67e¥Ç3ÚD.67HIJᑡᐰO·᜜E.Þße¥®ṹ·67e¥Ç3Ú76.◤⌕hᱥḄ⏘5A.KIenowᱏáB.RNAiᔠ⏘c.w67⏘D.TaqDNAiᔠ⏘E.DNA-poI677.᪶=ᱥḄRNAiᔠ⏘â=ã⛲ånæᐭ67ÅÆ▤á

93A.⏚ᓄB.éê⏚ᓄC.ᵬᓄD.éᵬᓄE.ì⏒ᓄ78.ᜧ¢ᩚ¤?uᓄmRNA>ÅÆḄ⏘5A.KIenowfragmentB,a2BB'஺3C.DNA-polIIID.CL2BB'3E.RNA-poIII79.67e¥=ᡂRNAḄ¶·᪶᧖⏚ᨬö÷Ḅ5A.ATPB.AMPD.GMPE.CMP80.᪶=ᱥᔠᡂmRNAḄe¥▤áøùA.Hognessbox

94B.releasefactorC.transcriptionaIfactorD.RNA-poIIIE.cis-actingeIement81.ýþḄ᪶ÿ
ᢣA.ஹḄᐰB.ḄC.ḄஹᡂD.ḄE.!Ḅᐰ82.ᐵ&⌱(ឋ*+,-.Ḅ/0A.⌱(ឋ1ᑁ34B.⌱(ឋ1᜜64C.7819ᱥ;<,!=mRNA;<,=

95C.1STD.STE.ST84.V᪶EᱥXIṹLZ[\]ḄmRNA=ᐹᨵpoly(A)fA.gh⁐jCB.kljC.m[\D.⊈o[\E.p[\85.rᑡLM⚗=[\]ḄᑖuvwA.SDsequenceB.signaIpeptideC.MLSD.KDELE.NLS86.ᙠ1!XᑮA.ᝅRNAB.᪀C.┴ᜮRNA

96D.᪀E.187.rᑡ᪶⏚M[\]QᔠᱥX,LM⚗V᪶EᱥḄRNAᔠᡂᐵA.ribosomeB.hnRNPC.snRNPD.spIicesomeE.mRNP88.mRNA¢£¤ᔠᡂ[\]Ḅ¥¢A.DNArepIicationB.RNArepIicationC.transcriptionD.reversetranscriptionE.TransIation89.ᐵ&©ª᪶[\Ḅ«¬,-.ḄA.ᔠ᪶[\Ḅ®ᩩmRNA°ªᙠMB.MN᪶[\±²©°C.MᩩmRNA°³ᔠ©N᪶[\D.mRNAஹ᪶[\©°ḄQᔠ

97E.DNAஹmRNAஹ᪶[\©°ḄQᔠ90.ᵯ46µ¶rᑮ·᪶EᱥḄ¸¹⊤»ᕈ½᪀,ᐸ᪷À·¹ᙠ&A.©ª᪶[\ÁᡂB.©N1<ÂÃC.©N<ÂÃD.1ᏔὶÃE.ÆEḄ©°=ῃÈ91.·᪶EᱥmRNAXḄLZ᪀᪶É;ᔠA.AUGB.SDBᑡC.0RFD.5ÊËÌE.3'ÊËÌ92.·᪶EᱥḄ▤Î,mRNAXḄSDBᑡLÎBᑡÏ⊡ᔠA.23SrRNAḄ5'ÊBᑡB.16SrRNAḄ5'ÊBᑡC.5SrRNAḄ5'ÊBᑡ

98D.23SrRNAḄ3'ÊBᑡE.16srRNAḄ3'ÊBᑡ93.Ó[\]ᔠᡂḄ[\]¹4=ᒹÕA.¹4B.¹4C.Ö×¹4D.⏘E.ÙÚÛᵨ¹494.Ýṹ4ÙÝṹ4ÞßᨵÂ=àá⍳ãä¸åæçè,éᵫ⍡ìÝṹḄLZឋ]íîḄA.ïᔣឋB.±²ឋC.ñᵨឋD.òóឋE.᤮õឋ95.⍡ìÝṹᐹᨵñᵨឋ,örᑡLM⚗÷᜜A.ᜧùᩚûḄ¸¹pDNAB.üḄýþ¸pC.ÿḄ᪶DNA

99D.Ḅ⁐E.Ḅ⁐DNA96.ᐭᔠᡂḄ⏚A.⏚B.⏚C.⏒"D.⏚E.#⏚97.ᙠ%&'(▤*+ᢵ-ᵨḄ/A.IFB.EFC.RFD.RRE.01⏘98.%&Ḅ3A.445ῃ7᪶8᪶᧖⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ<=0ᣚ?45᪶8᪶᧖⏚Ḅ᣸@”1⚓=B.445᪶8᪶᧖⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ<=0ᣚ?45ῃ7᪶8᪶B⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ<=

100C.445ῃ7᪶8᪶᧖⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ<=0ᣚ?205⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ<=D.445᪶8᪶ᵞ⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ<=0ᣚ?205⏚Ḅ᣸ᑡ<=E.4IJK᪀ḄMN0ᣚ?OPK᪀ḄMN99.ᐵR

1011.ᐵ⊤efḄVW┯ḄA.0g'(ef⊤ḄᐵB.|᛻vḄ⊤c.ᙠ+ᑖᓄ〉|᛻ᨵ⌕D.⊤?⊤ḄPᱯ¡ឋOPᱯ¡ឋE.r᪶sᱥḄ⊤ef£¤᪶sᱥ¥ᩖḄR2.§ᑡ¨⚗ªe⁚A.mṹB.5SrRNAmṹC.¡¬⏚ῃ®⏘mṹD.¯dmṹE.⊈±mṹ3.²a-x´µ⏚ῃ®⏘¶·e⊤ḄA.ᾙ¹ºᾦ⏒0¼⏘IB.¬⏚ᔠᡂ⏘c.½x⏚¾ᓄ⏘D.ℍ⃔8-6-Á⏚⏘E.HMG-CoAᔠᡂ⏘4.Â8ÃÄ/ÅÆÇKᔠÈÉÂ8ÊËᑺḄᱥ

102A.AraCB.cAMPc.ÍÎD.0g/E.CAP5.Â8ÃÄ/Ïᙠ¨Y|⁚e⁚⊤A.¥ᑴÐÑB.0gÐÑc.0gÒÐÑD.%&ÐÑE.%&ÒÐÑ6.Â8ÃÄ/ḄefÓÔA.CAPḄTefB.ÍÎḄÕefC.TஹÕef×ᑴªÇ\+ᢵ-ᵨD.CAPØᢙÍÎḄ0gÙÚ-ᵨE.ÍÎ-ᵨÛ◀ÆÝ◤CAPßà0gá7.²ᑖÛâãäᐵḄÃÄ/ÏÅÆåᙠᑖÛâãᱥÍÎæÆç

103²èIefḄé⌕-ᵨ/A.ÍÎB.AraCC.⊦ë/cAMP-CAP¥E.ÊËᑺ8.¤᪶ïðÅÆñÈ0g'(òḄA.ÍÎB.0góáC.Ạ0g/D.ᱯ¡0g/E.C/9.öÂ8ÃÄ/3÷⊤ḄᩩùA.Â8åᙠÆℍ⃔8úûB.Â8úûÆℍ⃔8åᙠC.Â8ℍ⃔8ᙳåᙠD.Â8åᙠE.ℍ⃔8åᙠ10.ᜧþᩚ
ᵨ

104A.ᵨB.ᵨC.ᑴD.⊦ᵨE.ᱥḄ!ឋ11.ᐵ$⁐&⏚()*┯,Ḅ-./A.᪶12345B.⊦*/ᐵ6Ḅᐗ8C.⁐&⏚:;<=>?D.5@AᏔὶ/ᐸḄᑖ*FẠE.⁐&⏚Hᙠ5ᔲ:KLᐜNmRNAḄ12.OᑡQRST᪶UᱥḄ@AVᨵKLA,microRNAB.aᨵbṹ*ᡠᓰḄfgC.mRNAḄ!ឋD.RNAE.⁚12iᔠmRNA13.k᪶UᱥFQ⊤mḄᐵ6n⁚/জp⁐qrᓄঝuvঞxyzট@Auvঠ@Ax

105yzA.জ+ঝ+ঞB.জ+ঝ+টC.জ+ঝD.ঝᓝঞE.ঝ14.Oᑡp⁐qi᪀Ḅᓄ:ᑭ$FQ⊤mA.12⏒ᓄB.᪶3C.CpGᵬᓄD.FQ᡽E.p⁐qi᪀ᦣ=SDNA⏘I15.Oᑡ⚗:$k᪶UᱥFQḄᵨᐗ8A.Rᐗ8B.⊦C.*D.*E.*16.5RNAᔠ⏘iᔠḄDNAᱏ¡/

106A.*B.⊦*C.*D.()*E.*17.Oᑡ⚗:45k᪶¢£FQḄᱯ¥ឋ⊤mA.ᐗ8B.ᱯ¥Q*C.*D.FẠQ*E.*18.5T᪶Uᱥf¦=k᪶UᱥḄFQ⊤mᒹ¨©ª«¬,Oᑡ⚗:/ᐸᩖឋᱯᨵḄᑖ*FẠA.¯ᨵ°±ᑡB.²³FQC.5@Aᑖ´D.¢£ᑁ¶·ឋi᪀ᑖ◞¹ᡂ©ª»¼E.p⁐qi᪀19.½¾5FẠQ*iᔠḄ/

107A.¿À*ᐗ8B,TATAboxc.*D.ᐗ8E.Pribnowbox20.ᨵᐵFẠQ*ḄÄ.=ÅÆḄ/A.5Ç᪶ȱᑡiᔠB.É!FQ⊤mḄᱯ¥ឋC.ᐸÊᦪÌᙠ:ÍÎÏÐÑᜧD.RNAᔠ⏘"ᔠ#$E.ᙠT᪶UᱥÏḄÊfk᪶UᱥÓ21.:$ᱯ¥Q*Ḅ/A.TFIIDB.HSFC.AP1D.ÊÖ⏣RØ3E.NF-KB22.ᐵ$ᱯ¥Q*ḄÙÚ=ÅÆḄ/A.ÛÜFQḄ⊤m

108B.ÝÞß12qà12qáᵨâãC.ÝÞßDNAà12qáᵨâãD.ÝÞßRNAà12qáᵨâãE.urᡈὅᢓᑴᵨ23.çᢣi᪀
½Hᙠ$OᑡᱥqÏA.12B.RNAᔠ⏘C.Q*D.éê⏘E.᪶⏘24.Oᑡ&F⏚ᙠQ*Ḅri᪀¼Ï¯ÌëìA.LysB.ArgC.AspD.HisE.Trp25.OᑡQR:îKLk᪶¢£ÏmRNAḄ!ឋA.5'éï*B.siRNA

109C.poIyAðD.!ᐗ8E.miRNA26.ñ᡾RNA⁚FQ⊤mḄóᑴ/A.ôõmRNA¿Ḅ᪶123iᔠö÷B.ᱯ&ឋ(☰mRNAC.¹ᡂøùúû=ᢓᑴ☰mRNAḄýþrឋD.ÿ
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110C.RNAABD.mRNAC
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111B.⁚5B.ᵯ>⌴ḄᡂᕒC.Ḅq⌕?᪀D.ab<>E.⊈33.!ᑡ#⚗6%⁚5<ḄᱯA.ᱯxឋB.▤kᱯxឋC.ᱯxឋD.ᱯxឋE.ᡂឋ⊤\34.ᐵt_`>ḄḄ%P¡¢ὶḄ?᪀5ᵫ¥¡¦§>ᑴ

112B.P¡¢ὶḄ?᪀5<ᑖ©ᵫ6gḄ¦§>ᑴC.¥¡?᪀5<ᵫ6gḄ¦§>ᑴD.ab:ᡂᓫ]^>RNAE.«ឋ¬q35.᪶eabḄᐺ®¯>%A.°4_`>B.±°4_`>C.²³´4_`>D.⁐¶⏚_`>E.«·¸636.⁐¶⏚_`>Ḅ¹℉ᱯ%A.»¼ᵨB.½¾ᵨD.ᑖᱥ»¼ᵨE.ᢙᵨ37.ᐵt⁐¶⏚_`>ḄḄ%A.⁐¶⏚ÀᙠÁ:ᡂ¾mRNAB.⁐¶⏚6ÃabÂ

113C.%
ÄÅḄD.ᐹᨵᢙᵨE.ÆÇP<>Yab38.ÈÉᐜᑭᵨℍ⃔4¬ÎÏℍ⃔4ὑÑÒÓÔ½¾:LMᐸÖ4Ḅ⏘RpK×ØÙ¬A.⊦dᵨB.»¼ᵨC.½¾ᵨD.Z⁚ᵨE.39.ᐵtᑖᱥ»¼ḄᵨWᑴḄ%A.ℍ⃔4ÚÛcAMPÜÝÞB.ℍ⃔4ÚÛCAPÜÝÞC.ℍ⃔4ÚÛcAMP6ßàCAP)ᡂáᔠᱥD.ℍ⃔4ÚÛcAMP-CAPáᔠᱥÜÝ,E.ℍ⃔4ÚÛcAMP-CAPáᔠᱥᜫãDNA?ᔠßä40.ᜧæᩚÈḄ°4_`>è®Ià_`5

114A.»¼B.RNAêᔠ⏘C.⁚541.
▤kñ:òóḄôõö÷#KᓄøùḄúûA.óùB.,⏚EüùC.ýùD.þÄùE.42.IPTG⊤ḄᑴA.ᔠᱥB.ᔠ!ᜫDNAᔠ&'c.()ᔠD.RNA*ᔠ⏘ᔠ,-.ᑡE.0᪀2⛲RNA*ᔠ⏘45ᐸ7ឋ

11543.9ᑡ:⚗<᪶>ᱥ?@⁚BCḄ⊤@DᱯᨵḄᑴA.BẠHICB.⊦KC.RNA*ᔠ⏘D.LME.44.BẠHICNODNAᔠPQ&RA.ᔠHI᪶SᐗU______B.ᔠLMC.ᔠ5WXYZ[D.ᔠ3WXYZ[E.ᔠᑁ]45.ᱯ^HIC_&RA.ᔠRNA*ᔠ⏘______B.ᔠBẠHICC.ᔠᐸ`ᱯ^HICD.ᔠHIX᪶SᐗUE.ᔠab

11646.BCᱯ^ឋ⊤Ḅ᪷dᑴA.efgᵨᐗUḄij_kB.RNA*ᔠ⏘7ឋḄl^C.BẠHICḄmnoḄl^D.ᱯ^HICḄmnoḄl^E.⊤pᱥqrs-tḄl^47.9ᑡ:jᑖvᐹᨵxy⏚{|Ḅ᪀ᱯ}A.>~CB.y⏚⏘C.GD.HICE./y⏚⏘H⚪⌱⚪A⚪1,-ᑁᢵgᵨḄᱥmA.⏒B.Y-yB⏚C.¡D.ᵬ£¤¡E.⊤¥>~C

1172¦ᜧ¨ᦪªḄᓄ¬dmA.ᾦB.®ᾦC.ᾦD.E.j¯⏣3ᑁ±⌴Ḅ³A.B.´C.µᱥD.ᨵᱥE.·ᑖᱥm49ᑡ:⚗_¸ᔠḄᱯ¹A.5º»ឋB.5º¼n'C.?⛳nឋD._?⌮ឋE.XᐳÀᔠ

1185.,-ªÁ@⁚gᵨḄ¡A.ឋ¡B.¥m¡C.ᵬ£¤¡D.Âä¡E.7ឋÄ>¡D36.9ᑡ:⚗ÅᑖÆᱥmḄᱯ¹A.ÄᢝÈÉ~.gᵨÊC.ᦔ᳛ÍD._◤⌕³E.ÐÃᙳ_7.ᑁḄᓄ¬dmA.DNAᔠB.GC.D.ᾦE.ᾦ8.9ᑡ:iÒᓄ

119A.¡B.>~¡C.Ó᡾¡D.ᵬ£¤¡E.7ឋÄ>¡D39.IP3ÕÖᔠq?×ᑁ:iغᓣ5A.K+B.Na+C.HC03-E.Mg2+10.ᙠᑁ±⌴¡Ḅ·ᑖᱥmÛA.⌴mB.´C.D.³E.Ü11.ÝÞ,⍝àáḄ¸â⌕.ãä⌴m

120B.j¯⏣¡C.>~CD.µE.ᵬ£¤¡12.cGMP&7A.®ᾦ⏘CB.⏘AC.⏘GD.y⏚⏘E.⏘C13.cAMP&å᪀7A.®ᾦ⏘AB.⏘Ac.⏘cD.⏘GE.y⏚⏘14._NOÉᱥmḄA.æᓄçB.ℍ⃔

121C.ᵞy⏚D.ëᑡ¤¡E.⏒15.7ḄGìíÝÞA.⏘AB.⏘CC.⏘GD.®ᾦ⏘AE.®ᾦ⏘C16.GᢣA.⏘AB.ï᧖⏚ñᓄ⏘C.⏘GD.>~Cᔠ-2E.ï᧖⏚ᔠ17.·GᒹóA.GḄôBB.>~Cᔠ-2C.⏘G

122D.RasE.Raf18.ᨵᐵᑁᱥmḄ┯úûüA.ᑁᱥmýᡂ¨᪵ᓄB.
ᑁᱥC.ᑁᱥᜧᑖ⏘ὶ⌴D."#$%ᑖ&'()*+,ᱥE.ᑁ./012ᵨḄ56719.ᙠ⌴9:7,;56<Ḅ01A.=>01B.?6⏣C.5B-A*BCD.DECE.FGH>0120.ᙠ⌴9:I,;56<ḄᱥA.FGH1B.JK⊈=1C.ᵬOH1D.FGH>01

123E.ឋH0121.RG$%ᏔὶḄ./A.TO./B.-./012c.Uᓄឋ./D.᪶ᑁ./E.Wᑁ./22.PKAᡠY⏚ᓄḄ[*⏚\⌕A.^[⏚B.ᵞ[⏚C.^[⏚/ᵞ[⏚D.ᵞ[⏚/a[⏚23.FGH1Rb./cᔠ70eG$%fgA.0eh᧖⏚Tᓄ⏘B.ᢓᑴh᧖⏚Tᓄ⏘C.345᧖⏚7ᓄ⏘D.ᢓᑴHl⏚Tᓄ⏘E.0eYᾦ⏘C

12424.p᧕r;Y⏚ᓄRsY⏚ᓄḄ[*⏚A.GIy,Ser,VaIB.Thr,Ser,TyrC.Ala,lie,LeuD.Phe.Thr,VaiE.Tyr,Val.Gly25.G$%Ḅa*ᐹᨵ⏘eឋA.GTP⏘B.ATP⏘C.TTP⏘D.CTP⏘E.UTP⏘26.RG$%eᓄᑗᐵḄ᪶᧖⏚A.ATPB.CTPD.TTPE.UTP

12527.J1./ᐹᨵ$%0⏘eឋ7A.$%0⏘AB.$%0⏘CC.$%0⏘GD.^[⏚$%0⏘E.Ca2+-CaM0⏘28.0e$%0⏘CḄA.cAMPB.cGMPC.IP3D.PIP2E.DAG29.$%0⏘Ḅ2ᵨ<$%r;A.ῃY⏚B.Y⏚ᓄc.⏘¡¢D.£ᔠᡂE.ᵬ*ᓄ30.I5<Ḅᱥ

126A.¦⏒¨©B.&ª«C.¬ᑡH1D.Ca2+E.J131.I56<ḄᱥA.cAMPB.cGMPC.IP3D.Ca2+E.■r:-8132../Ḅᱯ¯ឋ°±A../RG$%ᑖḄ᪀³B../RbᑖḄ᪀³C../R´/Ḅ᪀³D.bḄ⌱¶·ឋE../Ḅ¸¹33.G$%ᐹᨵº⏘eឋA.$%⏘

127B.GTP⏘C.ATP⏘D.»ᓄ⏘E.RNA⏘5ᓝ½¯¾¿;ឋḄᑖᑴÀÁ⚪ÃÄ⌱¶⚪A¹⚪1.ÅᑡºÆᑖÇ⊡ᐙA.ᡂÊËB.ÌC.⊈Íᑁ>D.⊈E.ÎÏÍG>2.ÅᑡᐵÐÑḄÒÓIÔÕḄA.◚ឋ×ØÙ᪶ÚÛB.᡻Ý×ØÙÐÑÞ/C.◚ឋ×⌮D.᡻Ý×I⌮E.Iàᨵáâ3.ᙠãä/Gåᡂ⍝Ḅᑖ

128A.Bel2B,BaxC.Caspase8D.Apaf1E.⁐1c4.)*+eᓄḄᑴA.ìíîB.DNAð᣸C.*+᡽¿ᡈôõ*+ö÷ø¿ùúᐭD.ü⁐/᧕ýE.DEF5.þÿB᷈ḄᑴA.B.DNA᣸C.᡽ᡈ!"ᐭD.G⁐2᧕JE.%&'6.ᐵ*+,-./012ḄA.KLMNOPQᨵ

129B.3ᨵᑁ3C.6ṹ8ᱥ:;+,?-Ḅ@ᜮE.BCDEᑴFᓄ7.I*-ḄA.APCB.RbC.p53D,rasSE.p168.I*ᢓ-ḄA.k-rasB.c-mycC.c-srcD.c-sisE.APCS9.ᐵ*Rb^ᑡ./12ḄA.`abcḄ-B.defghi+,᷈ᨵᐵ

130C.jk⏚ᓄḄpRbmᔠE2F1D.6ṹ8ᱥqr*+,sE.6ṹ8ᱥt+,uᶇ*G1x10.ᐵ*p53./12ḄA.`abcḄᢓ-B.Fឋ{|?}@~C.ar}ᨵ┯D.6ṹ8ᱥqr*+,sE.6ṹ8ᱥ=t+,11.eB᷈ᐵḄA.bcl2B.k-rasC.c-srcD.c-mycE.c-sis12.6ṹ8ᱥ?GḄA.bcl2B.k-rasc.c-src

131D.c-mycE.c-sis13.c-sis6ṹ8ᱥA.TSB.+,ᑁC.,ᑁ`~tD.E.+,ᕜx14.^ᑡ+,ᙠ+,᜜sCᵨᨬ¡℉ḄA.PDGFB.EGFC.TGFBD.IL-1E.IL-415.ᐵ*p53Ḅ¦§¨©⚗12ḄA.«P53¬+,B.p53SFU᷈u==ᢓᑴSC.p53qr*13®⁐D.p53e°}@

132E.p53®⁐᧕r²³Ḅ`ᓝµ¶·¸¹⚪A⚪1.2ᑗᙢ½¨cDNAᦻ¿ᒹ3A.abᱥEḄᐰÂÃB.abᱥEḄᐰÂmRNAÃC.abᱥÄÅᡈ+,ḄᐰÂÃD.abᱥÄÅᡈ+,ḄᐰÂRNAÃE.abᱥÄÅᡈ+,ᡠ⊤ÈmRNAÃ2.ᙠᑖᱥÊ⚞̨ÄDNAᢈÎÏÐA.⏘ÒB.sÒC.+,ÒD.ÒE.DNAÒ3.ᙠᑖᱥÊ⚞̨ᑖÓ◖Õ⌕ᢣA.DNAḄᜧÙÚᑴB.DNAḄᜧÙC.DNAḄᜧÙÛᑗ

133D.RNAḄᜧÙÜE.RNAḄᜧÙÛᑗ4.ᙠÄDNAᢈΨ>ᱯÞᑗᒘDNAḄ⏘A.▲ᑴឋ᪶⏚ᑁᑗ⏘B.᪶⏚᜜ᑗ⏘C.᪶⏘D.DNA⏘E.DNAâã⏘5.ÄDNAᢈÎäcåḄeæDNAçãḄ⏘A.DNAᔠ⏘B.RNAᔠ⏘c.DNAâã⏘D.RNAâã⏘E.▲ᑴឋ᪶⏚ᑁᑗ⏘6.ᙠèéêᑡÃḄëì^¨åḄíîḄᨬïðḄï/A.ᓄÊᔠᡂ/B.Äᦻ¿/C.cDNAᦻ¿/D.ᔠ⏘ò|Üó

134E.ᢓᑴឋôõᩖ÷/7.øᓄᔠ⏘ò|ÜóḄ⏘A.DNAâã⏘B.Ü⏘C.ùúû⏘D.DNAᔠ⏘IE.TagDNAᔠ⏘8.᪶⏚ᑖᩖ÷ýþ0>ᵨ*A.ᓫDNAᑖḄᩖB.ᓫDNAᑖRNAḄᩖC.ᢙᢙᑖḄᩖD.DNAPCRᱥḄᩖE.RNARNAḄᩖ9.ᵨ┐ḄDNAᑖA.ᙠᩖឋB.ᙠᩖឋC.!"30#᪶ᵞ⏚D.'"30#᪶᧖⏚E.)*ᑖ

13510.Southernblotting)A.XDNAYᑮ0ᡠ\]Ḅᩖ`B.?ᑮABᡠDEḄᩖC.?ᑮABᡠDEḄᩖD.?ᑮABᡠDEḄᩖE.<ᾦM>?ᑮABᡠDEḄᩖ11.NᑡPQ"DNARᔠ⏘Ḅ)A.UV⏘B.KIenowᱏ[C.TaqDNARᔠ⏘D._>`⏘E.DNAab⏘12.bcd᪗f┐ghi⏚jkdAlNCmBḄDNAᑖnoA,SouthernblottingB.NorthernbIottingC.WesternbIottingD.stᓺvE.FGHᓺv

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152C.zឋᓫ{ᑖD.|}e{ᑖE.^62.TaqDNAᔠ⏘Ḅ⌕IA.ᐹᨵ3:-5:᜜ᑗ⏘ḄឋB.ᐹᨵ5:-3:᜜ᑗ⏘ḄឋC.ᐹᨵ—’ᔠ⏘ḄឋD.ᑁDNAḄᑴE.I63.ᙠrYZᵨḄᒆ◀ᢈ᪷¢£¤;ᳮ¦§ḄA.L¨᪶⏚ḄᢓᑴªᵨB.«ᡂᑖḄ¬®ªᵨC.¯°-ᔣ²®D.s³´pE.µ¶·¸64.⌮µ⏘KᓄA.RNAbº»ḄDNAᔠᡂB.DNAbº»ḄRNAᔠᡂ

153C.mRNAbº»Ḅ½¾wᔠᡂD.DNAbº»ḄDNAᔠᡂE.RNAbº»ḄRNAᔠᡂ65.WesternᓺÆḄẆÈÉA.DNAB.½¾wC.RNAD.ÊËE.ᾦË66.oÍ◖ḄDNAᱏ8ÎÏᱥᳮÐÑᑖ᪆:◤⌕A.▲ᑴឋ᪶⏚ᑁᑗ⏘B.᪶⏚᜜ᑗ⏘C.RNA⏘D.DNANO⏘E.᪶⏘67.-ឋᑖ᪆DNAḄZᵨÕA.SouthernblottingB.NorthernbIottingC.WesternbIottingD.DotbIottingE.ÝÞpᓄ

15468.DNAᑖᱯàáâãäᔠRNAᔠ⏘Ḅå.A.æçB.èéC.êëD.⊦íE.᜜î69.RT-PCRY,ï஺ligo(dT)bPᱥᔠᡂcDNAño{:◤⌕Ḅº»A.rRNAB.mRNAC.tRNAD.siRNAE.snRNA70.ᨵòᩩ{:mRNAaᑡôs(TõU)Ḅ{ö÷A.ᨵ¨{B.L¨{C.´{D.cDNA{E.º»{

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156A.ᵨ/0ឋ234᪗B.ᵨ5ᱥ4᪗C.ᵨᙢ89᪗D.ᵨᢙ;᪗E.AஹBஹC>?75.@ARNAḄBᵨCᑴEᒹGA.ᱯIᙢᑗᒘ☰RNAB.NO᪶PQ;R☰mRNAᔠC.ᦋT☰RNAḄ᪀UD.ᢓᑴWXE.R☰RNAYᡂZ[\]76.^ᑡE_`᪶⏘Bᵨ-aḄA.I;bᓄcᑗB.d;bᓄcᑗC.efᑁhidᡃcD.ekfᑁhidᡃcE.elfᑁhidᡃc77.RNAiᢈnḄopqr⌕tA.siRNA?u᪗RNAḄv᡾ஹxyv᡾☰zஹᔠᡂsiRNA

157B.xyv᡾☰zஹᔠᡂsiRNAஹsiRNA?u᪗RNAḄv᡾C.siRNA?u᪗RNAḄv᡾ஹᔠᡂsiRNAஹxyv᡾☰zD.xyv᡾☰zஹsiRNA?u᪗RNAḄv᡾ஹᔠᡂsiRNAE.}~>E?78.uᵨᨬḄ᜜oᐭᱥᓿḄ-.A.i;.B.0.c.v.D.⌮!;.E.ᾦ;ᒹ.79.E␺yoᱥ;ᑁᔲ᦮ᔠ¡⊤£᜜oḄ-.A.SouthernbIottingB.NorthernbIottingC.WesternbIottingD.RT-PCRE.᪶±ᑖ᪆80.^ᑡµ⚗E_`oy3Ḅ-.A.;ᩖ¸.

158B.&3ᩖ¸C.FISHD.┝ᑖ᪆E.⏗½\ᩖ¸.81.^ᑡ¿ᵨ`DNAḄyÀRyឋᑖ᪆Ḅ-.A,GenomicPCRB.NorthernbIottingC.RNA⏘ÂÃÄÅD.RT-PCRE.ÆÇᓺÉ82.᪀ËofᦻÍÎ◤⌕A.▲ᑴឋ᪶⏚ᑁᑗ⏘B.᪶⏚᜜ᑗ⏘C.RNAÐᔠ⏘D.DNA⏘E.RNA⏘83.᪀Ëᡭ☰;Ó◤⌕ÔÕÖ×DNA;᜜ØfÕqA.1C.5

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162E.´+µ¶Y.893.⍡¸¹89Ḅᨬ,⌕Ḅº»AA.>¼½ὅḄ¿ÀÁB.¹⊤89ᐵÄ:Å▊5c.>¼ᐵ89ḄÇ⁐.QD.>¼ᐵḄ89É◖wËÌᑖ᪆ÍÎÏE./0n.Ḅ89ᑖ4.Ñ⌕ÒᵨSouthernᡈNorthernᓺM?@ᑖ᪆ᱯ89Ôᐸ⊤=Öᱥ|◤⌕A.ᑴᜓØᙠÚᢝᱥ&Ḅ-ÜᡈÝÞB.ᦈà-ÜᡈÝÞ᪵¯|ᯠâãä»±åDNAᡈRNAC.ᑭᵨPCRᢈç^ã᪗èä᡽ê«ëᑖ᪆ḄᱏD.ᦈà-ÜᡈÝÞ᪵¯|ᯠâãä»±ìízE.ᦈàîïÝÞḄ&ðñ5.òº89ᵨḄᑖᩖᢈçTᒹôsm⚗A.SouthernᓺMB,WesternE[1MC.NorthernᓺM

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