经贸知识英语

经贸知识英语

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⚪■(10)-⚪(5)■(20)-ᵨᡠḄ!(10)■"(15)-#(25)■$%&'⚪(15)LessonlInternationalTrade(I)■i.()*+■(1)Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownaction,independentoftheendowmentofnature.,-./01234ᜧ6ᯠḄ឵9:;ᐰ=>6?Ḅ@AᩭCDEᐹGHIJK஺■independentofsth:notdependingonsth.MN4஺(2)Switzerland'scomparativeadvantageinwatchmakingistypicalexample.OPQ⊤ᑴ⌼UVW^1VᐺḄZ+஺

1■in:prep.ᙠ...]☢(3)Similarly,theUnitedStateshasdevelopedcomparativeadvantageinmanylinesthatusethemostup-to-datetechnology._᪵ab-cᙠdᵨᨬᐜgᢈḄij@UCDkHIJK஺■line:@U■up-to-date:ᨬlḄ■(4)Tradetoexploitcomparativeadvantagepromotesefficiencyamongcountries,sinceitcanmakeonecountrybetteroffwithoutmakinganotherworseoff.ᑭᵨHIᑭng@᧕pqᙠᔜ-stuᦔna/0ᦋᗐ,-.Ḅyz{:1|}~,-.Ḅᑭn஺■জsince:-ঝitᢣ{■ঞwelloff:᛻{■টworseoff:badlyoffḄHI■(5)Asaresult,CountryAwouldspecializeintheproductionofcomputersandtradesomeofthemforCountryB'scars,andCountryBwouldspecializeincarsandexchangesomeofthecarsforCountryA,scomputers.

2aᵬ-ᵨᑖᣚ-Ḅ஺:-ᵨᑖᣚᵬ-Ḅ஺■জasaresult:■ঝspecializein:(Ẇ)(6)Butaccordingtotheabovetheory,tradeoccursonlywheneachcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageovertheotherintheproductionofonecommodity.¢Wa᪷¤ᳮ¦a§ᨵ©,-.ª~,-.ᙠEᖪḄ]☢ᓰªJK®a᧕¯°C஺(7)Ontheotherhand,onemaninCountryBcanproduce40carsinayearbutonly20inCountryA.±~]☢²,ᙠ-´µ´¶pᓝ¸a¢ᙠᵬ-´µ´¶§pᓝ¸஺■Ontheonehand,...ontheotherhand...:']☢...~]☢....■(8)SoCountryAismoreefficientinproducingcomputersthanCountryB,andwesaythattheformerhasanabsoluteadvantageoverthelatter.ᡠ0aᵬ-Ḅpº⌕H-¼஺ᡃ¾¿Àὅª4Âὅᩭ¿ᨵḼªJK஺■জindoingsth.:ᙠÄ...]☢■ঝtheformer…thelatter…:Àὅ...Âὅ...

3■(9)Inreality,itisnotrarethatonecountryhasnoabsoluteadvantageinanycommodity.ÆÇaª4^^-.ᩭ¿aÈÉÊᖪË1ᓰªJKḄ{1ÌÍ஺■জinreality:ÆÇ■ঝrare:ÌÍḄ■(10)Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantageholdsthatevenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.HIJKοÏaᓽd,-.ᙠÑÊᖪ®ËH~,-.ᦔ᳛uaÓÑ,-.ÔÕᙠḼᑭḄ᧕ÖẠ஺■eveni"though:ᓽd...(ØÙᩩÛz±*)■(11)Thefirstcountryshouldspecializeintheproductionandexportofthecommodityinwhichitsabsolutedisadvantageissmaller,i.e.thecommodityofitscomparativeadvantage,andimportthecommodityinwhichitsabsolutedisadvantageisgreater,i.e.thecommodityofitscomparativedisadvantage.ᵬ-ÜÝÞßàáâªãKஹÔVWᨵåªJKḄᖪagàáâªãKᜧஹÔVWᨵåªãKḄᖪ஺■জinwhich(1pᵨthat)ØÙæ±*aç⛲ᐸÀḄcommodity

4-ঝi.e.êëìíᑏïðÔVW¿■(12)Somecountriesareabundantinresources,andwhileelsewherereservesarescarceorevennonexistent.ᨵâ-.ñòóôõöa:ᐸ÷-.ñòøùaúû᪷üVýᨵ஺■জbeabundant/richin:öᨵ■ঝwhile:þᯠ■Youlikebasketball,whileI5dratherread.ÿ᰿ᡭᳫᡃ᰿஺■(13)Forinstance,ᩭ᯼஺■Forinstance:᝞■(14)Kuwaithasvastoildepositsbutlittlefarmproduce.ᱯ!"ᜧ$%&'஺little:()*ᨵ■(15)AndJapanreliesheavilyonimportformostoftheprimarycommodities.,-.ᦪḄ12%&3456789:஺■relyon:78■Wecannotrelyondevelopedcountriesallthetime.ᡃ;<=>?78ḼABC஺

5-2.6DEF■(1)define:GᱥIEJK஺■ফdistribution:LE,ᑖOP├஺■(3)naturalresources:RSTᯠ஺■(4)abundant:VWEḄX(5)scarce:VWE'YḄXZᨵḄX.[\E]ᵨVᡂE`■(6)intermsof(asregardssth.):a...c☢ᩭe■Thinkofitintermsofaninvestment.aᢗḄghὃ⇋klm஺■Thefiguresareexpressedintermsofapercentage/inpercentageterms.noᦪp?qrᑖᦪ⊤BḄ஺■Chinahasanabsoluteadvantageoveranyothercountriesintermsoflabor.ᙠuvc☢wxyḄz{C|ᨵ}~஺■(7)incentive:LEEᨵVWEḄEឋᢣḄXḄ஺■(8)constitute:IE,᪀ᡂVᡂ஺■(9)remainder:LEᒕᱥᦪ஺■(10)hold:GᱥIE,஺■(11)intermsof:\ERSᙠ...c☢஺Intermsofmanpowerwehavealargepopulationtotakepartinthisactivity

6ᙠuvnc☢ᡃ;ᨵḄuᕒnI஺■(12)specialization:Inourtext,itmeansonecountryproducesmoreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellstheremaindertoothercountries.ᓄᙠ4ᦻᢣCᡠ%Ḅ¡¢ᖪ&ᦪ!¤¥¦Ḅ§¨©ªᡠᒕᖪ&ᓬ¬ᐸ®C஺■(13)services:Ausefulbusinessorjobthatdoesnotproducegoods..¯°<%ᐹ²ᱥ&Ḅ¢³´ᡈ¶·஺■(14)primarycommodities:Mainlymeansthenon-processedortheprimarily,processedproduceorproducts,itincludesfoods,drinks,materialprocessinginagricultureandmineral,vegetableoilandanimalfat,andfuelmanufacturing.12%&¸⌕ᢣºP¶ᡈ»P1¼¶Ḅ$᪍ஹᱣஹÀஹÁÂ%&஺ᑖÃ&ஹÄᧇஹ$ÁÆᧇஹIÇᱥᾦÉÊᧇËᜧÌ஺■ÎÏÐ[·´(pagel2)-1.ÛÜÝ⚪:à1⚪ஹà2⚪஺2áâ⚪-3äåæç-4éêë(·´)-5éë(·´1ஹ2ஹ5)Lesson2

7InternationalTrade(II)■i.6Dí■(1)Thesecountriesattractlargenumbersoftourists,whospendmoneyfortraveling,hotelaccommodations,meals,taxis,andsoon.noCᔾïḼᜧᢇñᐝὅ®;ôõö÷ஹÃøஹù¥úûÂ஺■জlargenumbersof+üᦪLEᜧ!Ḅ-ঝwhoïýþ▲ᑴឋ஺■(2)Thisreferstothemoneysentbacktohomecountriesbypeopleworkinginaforeignland.ᢣḄᙠ᜜ḄᑁḄ஺-জᑖ!"ᑖ#$%&⛲money஺■ঝworkinginaforeignland(ᙠᑖ#$,&⛲people஺■(3)Invisibletradecanbeasimportanttosomecountriesasvisibletradeistoothers.᝞+ᨵ-.᧕012345⌕1᪵%8-.᧕0121᪵345⌕஺■as+adj.+ᐸ:+as…;᪀Ḅᵨ>?@...1᪵■(4)Atariffisataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsareawhichusuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.ᐵCᖪEFGᐵCHI0JᖪEKᦈḄC஺1MᩭO%ᐵCHP1Q2Ḅ⚞S1TḄ஺

8■জlevyatariffon:0K...ᦈᐵCAdeparturetaxwasleviedonalltravellers.-ঝᑖ!"ᑖ#$%taxḄ஺■ঞcoincidewith:P...1TMyideascoincidewithhis.ᡃḄW>P:Ḅ1T஺■(5)Importdutiesmaybeeitherspecific,oradvalorem,oracombinationofthetwo---compoundduties.XYCZ[\Cஹ^Cஹᡈ`ὅḄ;ᔠ%ᓽdᔠC஺■either...or...ᡈὅ...ᡈὅ...■(6)Butacompleteanswermustalsotakeintoaccountotherfactorssuchaspatternsofscaleand,economiesofscaleandinnovationorstyle,e%f᦮Ḅhᫀjklὃ⇋ᑮ1ᐸ:pq%᝞◤s;᪀ஹtuvwஹ[x☩zᡈ{|஺■জtakesth.intoaccount:}...ὃ⇋ᙠᑁ■ঝsuchas:~᝞■(7)Forstrategicordomesticreasons,acountrymaycontinuetoproducegoodsforwhichitdoesnothaveanadvantage.ᡊᶍᡈᑁḄp%1Q2ZᐸᐹḄᖪE஺forwhich“#+ᐵ#”;᪀%%&⛲ᐜ#

9goods,forᙠ“0”Ḅ%ᓽ“0ᖪE%Q2ᐹ”஺■(8)Wheretherearenodifferencesamongcountriesinthebasiccapabilitiesatproducinggoods,otherbasesfortradeamongthemmaystillexist.ᙠᖪEḄẠ☢ᨵ¡Ḅ2%ᐸ:☢Ḅ.᧕Ạ¢ᯠZ¤ᙠ஺■where1Qᙢ¦§஺■(9)Forexample,mostconsumersinonecountrymayconsiderdogmeatadelicacy,whileinanothercountrytheconsumptionofdogmeatisabhorrent.~᝞%ᙠ1Q2¨©ὅZ}ªᾙ¬1®¯%°ᙠ±1Q2%ᔛªᾙᑣ´µ¶Ḅ஺■জwhile:“°”⊤¸¹ºḄ0»஺■ঝabhorrent:adj.“ZូḄ”■(10)EventhoughCountryAproducesenoughcarsatreasonablecoststomeetitsowndemandandeventoexportsome,itstillimportcarsfromothercountriesforinnovationorvarietyofstyle.ᓽ½ᵬ[ᔠᳮḄÀÁÂÃḄÄÅÆÇÂÈÉḄ◤s%ÊËY1%ep☩zP{|Ḅ◤⌕%Ì¢ÍḄ2XY1ÄÅÆ஺

10■জeventhough/if:ᓽ½■ঝmeet:ÇÂ■meetsb'swishes,conditions,needs,etc.ÇÂÎḄÏÐ%ᩩÒ%◤⌕Ó஺■ঞforᵫHe'slearningEnglishforthefunofit.-:ÕÖ×ØÙÚÛḄ஺■Summarize,ÜÝ%Þ;஺Canyousummarizethispassage?■Seektoßà஺Thetwopartiesseektobringthedisagreementtoandend■SeekjZ[P#foráᵨ%:âs%ãsTheyareseekingforthesolutiontocurrentproblems.■Takeintoaccountὃ⇋%µWearetakingintoaccountthedrawbackofthemeeting.■Inreality,äåæ%å▭æ஺èéḄ$jᨵinfact,inpractice.Inreality,mostofcountriesarelackofnatualresource.■affectêë%ìí☢êëîinfluenceឋ#஺

11Smokingaffectshealth.ᔾðêëᏉò஺■Myteacherinfluencedmydecisiontostudyscience.-ᡃḄὁô0ᡃÙᳮõḄö÷Õêëᵨ#WithḄᵨ>1ø…1÷Miseryacquaintsmenwithstrangebedfellows.úûüýþIÿ஺tolivewithone'sparentsstayingwithafriend-2ᨵ…Ḅஹ᝱■Heagreedthathewaswrongwithagoodgrace.-ᜧᙢ┯஺■Theformei•ὅDidhegotherebyairorbytrain?Theformerseemsmore

12likely.!ᙶ#$%Ḅ?ὅ'()*ឋ,ᜧ-஺■thelatterὅ,hewalkorswim?Thelatterseemsunlikely.ᦣ0!1234ὅ5ᩭ78)*஺■Referto┐:;ᨵᐵ;ᢣḄThenewlawdoesnotrefertofarmland.?@AB὏ᙢDᐵ஺WhatIsaidreferstoallofyou.■onthebasisofE…FGẠTheprincipleisonthebasisoffairness.■InadditiontoInadditiontogene,intelligencealsodependsonanadequatediet,agoodeducationandadecenthomeenvironment.◀⍡KGL᜜,NOḄPQ!RSTUVḄ⃩X,UVḄᦟZ[UVḄ\]^᛻஺

13■AttractvtᔾaShewasattractedbythenoveladvertisement.᝛cd?⚨Ḅfgᔾah஺■LargenumberoijḄ஺ᵨᩭl⛲)ᦪop஺Asmallernumberoffamiliesmayraisechildren.qᦪ\])ErXst஺■LargeamountofᜧjḄ஺■depend■Makeeffortto-2.uvpw■(1)concession:opxy0஺z{ᵨ|}“makeaconcessionto...":……~y0஺■(2)impose:pxO஺Imposesomethingonsomebody...T஺᜜impose!)~7ᱥpxᢣᑭᵨx᝞imposeonsb'skindnessᑭᵨḄᗐ஺■বnon-tariffbarriers,ᐵᚠxᢣᐵ᜜Ḅᑗᡈ

14▲ᑴḄ@[x᝞x▲஺¡Ḽᐵᚠᙠ¤᧕¦§¨Ḅ~ᵨ©ªxᐵᚠᑣcf¬ᵨ஺■(4)withoutreferencetocountries:B®\Dᐵx|}withoutreferencetoB.Dᐵ஺᝞¯allthepeople,withoutreferencetoageorsex,ᡠᨵx7±ᵱ᝕ὁq஺■Visibletrade:ᨵµ¤᧕xᢣᖪ·Ḅ஺■মreasonablecosts:ᔠᳮḄᡂ»xreasonableḄ¼½“〉ÀḄ”ஹ“7ÂᑖḄ”ஹ“Ä⍝Ḅ”ஹ“ᔠ(ᳮḄ”஺᝞Æ⌕⊤É“ᔠᳮᑭᵨÊË"ஹ"ᔠᳮᓄÎÏ”ᑣ7*ᵨreasonableÐÑᵨrational,ᑖÒÓ~makerationaluseofresources[rationalizationproposal.■(6)coincides.ÔᔠxᏔᔠxᵨÖ×BØpwithÙÚᵨxÛÜᨵÝ᜜,᝞¯Wedonotcoincideinopinion.ᡃßà7[஺■refund:v.á!x⌨!஺■(8)signatory:nowãäxãä®஺Ý᝞¯thesignatoriestoatreatyᔜæä®஺■(9)impose::v.toestablish(anadditionalpayment)officially1iE()xO(éê)T■Anewtaxhasbeenimposedontabaco.:ëìíᦈ?⚗஺

15■(10)protectionistm.apersonwhowantstokeepthesystemofprotectingone'sowncountry'strade,esp.bytariffs(¤᧕)¦§ð½ὅ஺■TheU.S.Aisoneofprotectionistsininternationaltrade.-ñ®®▭¤᧕¨ó¦§ð½ὅ஺■(11)unilateraladj.donebyorhavinganeffectononlyoneside,esp.oneofthepoliticalgroupsinanagreementḄᓫ☢Ḅ஺■Thetreatydeniesanyunilateralwithdrawal.ÑᩩäἭøùúᓫ☢Ḅû஺■(12)labeln.apieceofothermaterial,fixedtosomething.■(13)customsunionᐵüý஺þóᡈ×ó®\æäÎÿḄᐵᑁḄᐵᑁᖪᵫ᜜Ḅᐵ᪵Ḅὶᓽᐵ!஺■(14)Importdutiesmaybeeitherspecific,oradvalorem,oracombinationofthetwo-compoundduties.Specificduties,#$%ᖪḄ&$ஹᦪ$ஹ)$ஹ*+ஹ☢-./0Ḅᐵadvaloremduties#1%ᖪḄ12᪗40ᦈḄᐵcompoundduties6ᔠஹ8ᔠ9:;<!=Ḅᖪ!>ᢥ#1@#$AB᳛/0Ḅᐵ஺

16■(15)drawback:⌨■(16)exploitvt.use;develop:E!Jᵨ■(A)Manshouldmakemoreeffortstoexploitnaturalresources.HIJKLMNOᙢQRᑭᵨᯠUV஺■(B)Manexploitswaterpowerverywell.HIWXQRᑭᵨYZ[஺■(17)assumevt.takeastruebeforethereisproof:Ꮇ]■(A)Assumingthatherstoryistrue,whatshouldwedo?Ꮇ᝞᝛`ḄabḄᡃdefgh■(B)Iassumethatshehasreceivedmytelegram,ᡃij᝛klmᑮoᡃḄᵯq஺■(18)takeintoaccountotherfactors:ὃ⇋ᐸuvw஺Takeintoaccounta—yzᵨ{:஺Wemusttakeintoaccountallthedifferentopinionsexpressedatthemeeting.ᡃd|}ὃ⇋~ḄE!஺■(page25)-1.⚪:1⚪ஹ6⚪ஹ8⚪஺>2¡⚪-3£¤¥¦

17-49§¨©ª«■5§©9ª1ஹ2ஹ4-¬1®ὃᫀ°■(1)yes,thereare,forexample,patternsofdemand;economiesofscales;innovationorstyle.■(2)economyofscaleisthecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.Trademayoccuroutofeconomiesofscale.■(3)thetheoryofinternationalspecializationseektoanswerthequestionwhichcountrieswillproducewhatgoods,withwhattradepatternsamongthem.■(4)no.itwillnot.Forstratagicordomesticreasons,acountrymaycontinuetoproducegoodsforwhichitdoesnothaveanadvantage.■(4).thebenefitsofspecializationmayalsobeaffectedbytransportcost.Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentsarealsoharriestotrade,andtypicalexamplesaretariffsandquotas.■(5).tariffharriesarethemostcommonoftraderestriction.

18atariffsistaxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossesthebounaryofacustomsareaextendingbeyondnationalboundariestoincludetwoormoreindependentnationsiscalledacustomsunion.■(6).themost-favoured-nation(MFN)treatmentreferstoatariffstreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.MFNtreatmentisnotreallyspecialtreatmentbutisjustnormaltradingstatusbecauseitgivesacountrylowesttariffsonlywithinthetariff'sschedule,butitisstillpossibletohavelowertariffs.■(7).quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffharries.Aquotaslimitstheimportsorexportofacommoditiesduringagivenperiodoftime.■(8).visibletradeinvolvestheexportandimportofgoods.Invisibletradeinvolvestheexchangeofservicesandtecknoledgebetweencountries.Invisibletradeincludetransportation,insurance,tourism,immigrantremittance,ect.

19Lesson3InternationalPayment-&±²³■(l).Generallyspeaking,itisnotdifficultforbuyersandsellersindomestictradetogettoknoweachother'sflnancialstatusandotherinformation,andpaymentislikelytobemadeinastraightforwardmanner,saybyremittanceorbydebitingthedebtor^account.´µ¶ᙠ¸ᑁ¹᧕»¼ᓬ¾¿oÀ¿ḄÁÂÃÄ@ᐸuᐵÅÆÇEÈ,ÊËÌX%BÍmḄ¿ÎÏ᝞ÐÑÒᡈ#ÔÂHḄÕᡝ×Õ஺■জgenerallyspeakingØᐭ:■ঝbelikelytodosth:ÌXÚÛÜ■(3)inastraightforwardmanner:inastraightforwardway%BÍmḄ¿Î஺-ItᙠÝaÞÎß:bàḄß:aE]>{:஺ß⌕avE]Î{:Ð*஺Eg.Itisverydifficultformetounderstandwhatyouaretalkingabout.■Belikelytodosth.

20Eg.Itisnotlikelytorainthisafternoon.Eg.Sheisverylikelytoringmetonight.Oritislikelythatshewillcallmetonight.-Sayâ᝞Ꮇ]zᵨØᐭ:஺Eg.Youcouldlearntoplaychessin,say,threemonths.Eg.Letustakeanywriter,say,Dickens.■(2).pachaseandsaleofgoodsandservicesarecarriedoutbeyondnationalboundaries,whichmakesitratherdifficultforthepartiesconcernedinthetransactiontogetadequateinformationabouteachother*sfinancialstandingandcreditworthiness.ãᱥḄå¼@├çèé¸êë᧕»ḄᨵᐵíÜHZÈᐙᑖᙢYᑮðñḄÁÂÃÄ@Åò¿☢ḄÅÆ஺জcarryoutÜ᡻ôõöcarryoutapromise,athreat,aplan,anorderঝWhichmakesitratherdifflcultforthepartiesconcernedinthetransactiontogetadequateinformationabouteachother'sfinancialstandingandcreditworthiness.Which÷øḄ]:#²ù⛲û☢Ḅ᦮y²³஺²BitaÞÎý:஺bàḄý:aE]Î{:஺

21Eg.Georgemadeitclearthathedisagreed.Eg.Ithoughtitpeculiarthatshehadnotwritten.ঞStandingn.ᙢþÿ஺Theyaremakingenquiriesintoitsfinancialstanding.Shewasaneconomistofconsiderablestanding.(3)Theimportermightfailtopayinfullforgoods.ᖪᐰ஺জInfull:ᐰḄᐰ☢ḄThebillhasbeenpaidinfull.Writeyournameinfull,please.ঝFailtodosth.Hefailedtopassthedrivingtest.■(4)Hemightgobankrupt;hisgovernmentmight,forvariousreasons,bantradewiththeexportingcountryorbanimportsofcertaincommodities;thebuyermightrunintodiHicultiesgettingtheforeignexchangetopayforthegoods.ẚᔜ!"#ᜧḄ%&Ἥ()*+,᧕ᡈὅἭ(01ᖪ234ᑮ᜜78ᓬ:◍ᐭ=᛻஺জGobankrupt:ẚ,᎔AThecompanywentbankruptbecauseitcouldnotsellitsproducts.

22ঝRuninto:⍗ᑮCDTheyranintothebadstorm.©Tradesth.withsb.0EFᣚSinceBritainjoiningtheCommonMarket,Britaintradegoodswithothercountries.©gettingtheforeignexchangetopayforthegoodsHIᙠᑖLMNOPN.(5)Thedelaymaybecausedbyproblemsinproductionortransportation,andsuchdelaysmayleadtolossofbusiness.Thereisalsoariskthatwronggoodsmightbesentasaresultofnegligenceoftheexporterorsimplybecauseofhislackofintegrity.R!STH#3UᡈHVW⌼ᡂḄZᨵ\]^ᜫ`a஺bᨵc!d◅ᓽᵫDḄhiᡈHjk⌼ᡂlVᔠ⌕oḄᱥ஺জLeadto:\]qᔣThismisprintledtogreatconfusion.AllroadsleadtoBeijing.ঝAsaresultof:#3ᵫTheflightwasdelayedasaresultoffog.Shewaslateasaresultofthesnow.

23ঞLackof:stMsLackofrestmadehertired.Theprojecthadtobeabandonedbecauseoflackoffunds.টthatwronggoodsmightbesentasaresultofnegligenceoftheexporterorsimplybecauseofhislackofintegrityuriskḄ)vN஺■(6)Politicalrisksuchaswar,quotas.............beforepartingwiththeirmoney.%wd◅x᝞ᡊ{|}......ᙠ~4ᑮᱥ஺জAddupto:ᑮThesenumbersaddupto100.Allthisadduptoanewconceptofinternationaldivisionoflabor.ঝReleasesb/sthfromsomewhere0Eᡈ0ᱥḕᩭShereleasedtherabbitfromthetrap.ঞpreferᙢᵨ஺Prefertodosth./prefersthtosth/preferdoingsth/preferthat/preferto...ratherthan.Eg.Shepreferredthatheshoulditinthekitchen.Eg.Heperferdtostayathomeratherthangowithus.@Behesitanttodosth.uuEg.Hewashesitanttoinvitemetotakepartyinherbirthdayparty.

24ঠPartwithᑖEg.Hejustpartedwithhisformergirlfriend.Variousmethodsofj-j-trade.ᙠ*▭,᧕ᵨ¡¢£)¤஺Copywith¬ᜐᳮ¢£஺¯°dealwithᡈdowithEg.howdoyoucopywiththisproblem?(8)whenthepoliticaland......cashinadvance.°*Ḅ%wº»¼½¾¿ᡈ°À:ḄÁÂÃEÄᑮᝰᶧÇᖪÈÉÊ⚜IÌᡈᑖ⚜IÌ஺জinadvanceÍ⚜ᐜMostoftheimportersdonotlikepayinadvanঝÐÑÒwhenÓ\ḄHÑÒZᑡḄÇÕPNÐ஺(9)iftheexporterwishesto......transaction.᝞Öᖪ×ØÙᢝᱥᡠᨵᩗÝ¡ᵨÞßF᧕஺জenterintoàáᐭeg.Idarednotenterconversationwithhim.eg.heenteredintonegociationwiththeirrivalfirms.ঝorᓽâᓽ஺akilo,ortwopounds.■(10).alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidfor.......in

25thefuture.*▭,᧕ḄF᧕Hqã7ἠḄåᦻḄ7ἠdraftçèbillofexchange......c¿ᦪ}Ḅ⚗஺জbymeansofᵨëìí஺Thewatermaybecarriedbymeansofapipe.ঝrefertoas...èODonotrefertoyoursisterasasillycow!ঞondemandᢥ⌕oPassengersmustshowtheirticketsondemand.(11)inthecaseof.....alaterdate.ᙠïᐟFᓫḄ¤òóDᙠïᐟᖪᡠàḄ7ἠ~ôõ4ᑮᓫö÷ᑣ⌕ᙠù1Ç᎛+஺জhandsth.overtosb.Fû0ETherobberhandedhisweaponovertopoliceman.Hewashandedovertoamilitarytribunalfortrial.ঝInthecaseofᙠ¤òঞincase¡■᎚þ■Takeahatwithyouincasethesunisveryhot.-᎚□ᑭᡚ஺টincaseof$B■Incaseofraintheycan'tgo.஺

26■(12)Sofarastheexporter'sinterestisconcerned,D/PatsightismorefavorablethanD/Paftersight,andD/Paftersight,andD/PismorefavorablethanD/P.ᖪḄᑭ!"#ᓽ%&'(ᓫ*+%&'(ᓫᨵᑭ&'(ᓫ*-ᐟ(ᓫᨵᑭ஺জAs/sofarassth./sb.Isconcerned:/0ᱥ(/3)"#■TheriseininterestrateswillbedisastroussofarasmanyArmsareconcerned.ᑭ᳛Ḅ6789:;<=ᩭ?@ᜧἪCᜮ஺■Thecarisfineasfarastheengineisconcernedbutthebodyworkneedsalotofattention.ঝat/onsightEᑮ...Hᓽঝtheyweretoldtoschoollootersonsight.■(13)Generallyspeaking,itisnotdifficultforbuyersandsellersindomestictradetogettoknoweachother'sfinancialstatusandotherinformation,andpaymentislikelytobemadeinastraightforwardmanner,saybyremittanceorbydebitingthedebtor^account.I"#ᙠKᑁM᧕OPᓬRSTUV8SḄWXYZ[ᐸTᐵ^_`a,c&defghḄSi

27jkl᝞nop'ᡈrsX3Ḅtᡝvt஺■জgenerallyspeakingwxᐭz■ঝbelikelytodosth:d{/0■ঞinastraightforwardmanner:inastraightforwardwayefghḄSi஺■(14)Boththeexporterandtheimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymaynotfulfillthecontract.ᖪ|jᖪ}☢CḼ◅w8SkᔠḄdឋ@ᙠḄ஺■জasᙠ⊤஺■ঝthatᙠzr⛲possibility.■(6)Theimportermightfailtopayinfullforthegoods.jᖪdc&ᐰ'஺■জinfullᐰᙢ■a.publishreportinfull:ᐰᦻ⊤■b.recitethetextinfull:ᐰᦻ■ঝfail:beunabletodosth.(/0)-2.¡¢p■(1)openaccount:£¤(᧕¥▭@ᓬS§¨©PSḄ^"ª«¬®¯ஹ±²ᓬS◅᩽ᜧI´ᨵᓬSᐙᑖ^¬PS

28·¸¹ᵨ஺■(2)carrythecostofthegoods:-®»ᱥḄ¼ᵨ஺■(3)retaintitleorownershiptothegoods:¯ᶇ»ᱥḄᡠᨵᩗ஺Title,ᡠᨵᩗÀÁÂ☢hᵨât஺h஺f஺■(4)gobankrupt:ẚÅ஺goᙠÆÇ@ÈÉ¢,goÊÈÉ¢Ḅl;஺gobadËÌgohungryᢸÎHisfacewentred.ῊÐ஺■(5)mayleadtolossofbusiness:dÑÒᜫÔX஺Leadto:ÑᐸOto@â஺Õ᝞Thedisputebetweenthetwocountriesledtoatradewar.ÖK×ḄØ᡻ÑÚM᧕ᡊ஺■(6)bulky:ÜḄÝÞᜧḄ஺■Thispairofshoeslooksbulky.ÆRßàáᩭÜ஺perishable:adj.᧕ῖãḄ᧕äḄ(åᢣçᱥ)■Glasswaresareperishable.èᴻᘤë᧕ä஺■(8)scarce:adj.ìíḄ■a.Foodwasscarceduringthewar.ᡊØ%×çᱥîí஺■b.Pearsarescarceandexpensivethisweek.ïᕜñì"ò஺■(9)appeal:n.ᔾô■a.Musichaslittleappealtome.õö8ᡃøùúᨵᔾô஺■b.Rockmusichaslostitsappeal.᤯üöýþᜫᔾô஺

29■(10)constitute:vt.᪀ᡂ■Sevendaysconstituteaweek.ᕜᨵ7ᜩ஺■(11)draft(billofexchange):ἠItisanunconditionalordertoabankorcustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.ἠᡈᡝḄᩩḄᐸᓽᡈᙠᩭḄ!"#ᔣ%&'!ᦪ)Ḅ*⚗஺■(12)drawer,,ἠ%-Thepersonwhodrawsthedraft,usuallytheexporter,iscalledthedrawer..,ἠḄ/01,2ᖪ45,ἠ%ᡈ.ἠ%஺(13)D/P■a.D/Patsight,ᓽ6'*7ᓫ-Itrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.9⌕;<2ᖪᓽ'*>?@AᓫB஺■b.D/Paftersight,C6'*7ᓫ-Itgivestheimporteracertainperiodafterpresentationofthedocuments,butdocumentsarenotreleasedtohimuntilheactuallypaysforthemerchandise.9ᙠDEFGH<2ᖪI"#JKᨵᐸᙠLMN'*OFPQᓫB7GR஺

30■(14)fluctuation:n.■fluctuation:v.STUV■a.Peoplehavegotusedtothefluctuatingprices.%WXYZ[\]^ḄST஺■b.Thepriceoffruitsfluctuatesaccordingtotheseason._`Ḅ]^ab⁚?ST஺■(15)hesitant:adj.deḄfghḄ■Shewashesitantaboutacceptingtheinvitation.᝛ᔲkl⍸nghop஺■(16)dubious:adj.ᝰᶧ■a.Iremaindubiousabouthermotives.ᡃ᝛ḄTt⊤Eᝰᶧ஺■b.Thisisadubiouscompliment.vwxoyḄz{஺■(17)...alladduptotheproblemsininternationaltrade,ᡠᨵv}᪀ᡂ\▭᧕Ḅ⚪஺AdduptoamounttoḄx஺᝞Allthisaddsuptoanewconceptofinternationaldivisionoflabour.vᑗᡂ\▭ᑖḄ஺■(18)drawee,lἠ%-thepersontowhomthedraftisdrawniscalledthedrawee.klἠḄ%5lἠ%஺■(19)payee,l*%-thepersonreceivingthepayment,whoandthe

31draweraregenerallybutnotnecessarilythesameperson.ᦈl*⚗Ḅ%l*%,ἠ%01%Jo!%஺■(20)documentarydraft,ᓫἠ-Thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,theinvoice,theinsurancepolicy,etc.ᓫἠ01a▬}᝞Dᓫஹᖪἠஹ◅ᓫḄᓫB஺■Cleandraft:ᐝἠ஺adraftwithoutdocuments.o▬¡¢ᓫBḄἠᓽ£ᐝἠ஺■Documentarycollections:/¤ᓫᡲᦈ஺■(21)domesticadj.¦ḄᑁḄf¨©Ḅª«Ḅ஺a.Agoodnewspaperpublishesbothdomesticandforeignnews.b.Indomesticsciencelesson,girlslearnhowtorunahome.■(22)statusn.ᙢ®¯fWomenhaveverylittlestatusinmanycountries.Whatisyourofficialstatusinthecompany?■(23)defaultn.o°±o,«o²³´fv.oN■Thedefendantmadedefaultyesterday.■(24)Banv.Ἥ·n.Ἥ

32Theplaywasbannedbythecensor.Hewasbannedfromattendingthemeeting.■(25)hesitentadj.ghḄ¸ᶧḄo¹ºḄWhywereyousohesitantaboutaskingforhelp?■(26)dubiousadj.»¼»ᶧ½ᶧḄ஺Iremaindubiousabouthermotives.Iamdubiousaboutthewisdomofthisaction.■(27)soundadj.ᏉᐰḄÀÁḄfᔠᳮḄÄLḄ,yÆḄ஺Hehassoundfameinthissmallcounty.■ÈÉZÊ5(page38)-1.ËÌ⚪:Î1⚪ஹÎ3⚪ஹÎ4⚪ஹÎ6⚪ஹÎ8⚪஺2ÏÐ⚪-3ÑÒÓÔ-4ÕÖ×Ø(5)-5ÖØÕ(5£1ஹ2ஹ4)■(1)Ifabank,eithernominatedbytheopeningbankorat

33itsownchoice,buystheexporter'sdraftsubmittedtoitunderacredit,itiscalledanegotiatingbank.᝞`ªᡈὅᵫ.Ýᢣ!ᡈὅßàáTâ,2%ᕈ7G9Ḅ¼ᵨÝḄἠvª£å'஺■Draftᨵæ1ᵨwç஺■জroughpreliminarywrittenversionofsth:₝é-ঝἠLesson4TheLetterofCredit(I)■i.ìíîï■l.ininternationaltradeitis.......payingthemoney.ᙠ▭᧕'*ÊM▭7ᡈðño½ò"<K᪀ᡂ\âḄóôõ£,2ᖪö÷ᙠøMùᐜûᑮ'*஺?<2ᖪᑣþᣚᙠᑴᱥ஺■Constitute:ᡂ᪀ᡂ■7daysconstituteaweek-ᜩ᪀ᡂ■"England,Wales,Scotland,andNorthernIrelandconstitute/compose/makeuptheUnitedkingdom."-ᐲஹஹᐲᓅ᰿ᐲᡂὶᔠ$%஺■ᣴᩗ)*+

34■(2)Lettersofcreditarevariedinform,length,language,andstipulations.,ᵨ.ᙠ/ஹ01ஹ234567ᨵᡠ:;஺■Varied:ᔜ=ᔜ᪵Ḅ):;Ḅvary:ᦋAAᓄ■Theweathervariesfromdaytoday.-ᜩCᜩᜩAᓄ஺■(3)Theyhavenoobligationwhetherthegoodscomplywiththecontract.DEFGᱥHᔲJᔠᔠ;:KLMNOP஺■Comply(withsth):doasoneisrequested,commanded,etc;■obey:QR)⍳R■জShewastoldtopaythefine,butrefusedtocomply.TU᝛WXY)Z᝛[\W஺■ঝTheregulationsmustbecompliedwith.]^4_ᑴ`ab⍳c஺■(4)Theexporterorbeneficiarywillmakeacarefulexaminationofallthecontentsofthecreditandwillrequesttheopenertomakeamendmentstoanydiscrepanciesinthecreditsoastoensuresafeandtimelypayment.defᓽhifjF,ᵨ.ḄᡠᨵᑁlmEnop᪶)᝞stu,ᵨ.vᨵPwxᔠ;:Jᜐ)⌕{|.fmE}ᦋ)~.ᐰᙢᦈᑮ஺■(5)Sometimestheexportermayrequireaconfirmedletterofcrediteitherbecausethecreditamountistoolarge,orbecausehe

35doesnotfullytrusttheopeningbank.ᨵdeᖪ,ᵨ.ᜧᡈ:ᐰ,P|.E⌕{|+ᐟ,ᵨ.஺■(6)Thenhewillpresentthedraftandtheaccompanyingdocumentstotheadvisingbankthatpaysoracceptsornegotiatesthebillofexchange.ᯠ,jᔣTUEἠᡠ▬ᓫ)TUEᑣFἠஹKᐟᡈ஺■জpresentsthtosb:giveorhandoversthtosb.¡¢f¢ᱥ■Theysentpresentstotheirteacher.£〈¥ᱥ¡ὁ§஺■ঝaccompany:A.¨©)▬ᨵ■Sheaccompaniedmetothedoctor's.-᝛ªᡃ¬®¯°஺■Theministerwasaccompaniedbyhissecretarytothehospital.±0ᵫḄ³´ª;ᑮ¯▾¬஺■Pleaseaccompanymeonthetriptomyhometown.-¶ªᡃ¬ᦑ¸¹¹஺B.º»■Lightningusuallyaccompaniesthunder.-¼½¾¾º»ḼÀᵯᩭ஺■Thetextisaccompaniedbyillustrations.Ãᦻ▬ᨵÅÆ஺

36-c.ºÇ■MarysangandIaccompaniedheronthepiano.-ÈÉᖛË)ᡃÌᴊ¡᝛ºÇ஺■Thewell-knownsingerwasaccompaniedattheelectronicorganbyhisschoolteacher.-ÎÏ℉ÑḄËᖛÒḄÓÔὁ§ᵨᵯÕÖᴊºÇ஺■Company:nº×;ºIhadnocompanyonthejourney.-ᡃᙠØEvÙᨵ;º஺■"Twoஹcompany,threeஹnone.“ÚfᡂºÛf:Ü஺.■(7)Theopeningbanksendsthecredittoitscorrespondentbankintheexporter'scountry,whowill,afterexaminingthecredit,advisetheexporterofitsreceipt.|.Ej,ᵨ.Þ¡ßᙠde%ḄᐵáE)ὅᙠp᪶,ᵨ.)TUdef,ᵨ.ãᦈᑮ஺■Advisesbofsth:TUᡈäU஺å⌕ᵨGᖪæçè஺é᜜adviseḄëᵨMHadvisesbtodosth/advisesbonsth,ᢣ*ஹíä■জPleaseadviseusofthedispatchofthegoods.ᱥtd¶TUᡃ£஺■ঝHeadvisesmetotakearest.*ᡃîïð஺■ঞHeadvisesthegovernmentoneconomicaffairs.ᔣñòdóôõ☢Ḅ*஺

37■(8)“Letterofcredit"isoftenshortenedasL/CorL.andissome-timesreferredtoas“banker'scommercialletterofcredit”,“banker'scredit",^commercialcredit55orsosimply"credit”.,ᵨ.ó¾÷ᑏᡂL/CᡈL.C.,ᨵù“DEᖪæ,ᵨ.”)“DE,ᵨ.”)“ᖪæ,ᵨ.”ᡈüý®þù“,ᵨ.”஺■Referto:ᑮ■জWhenIsaidsomepeoplearestupid,Iwasn'treferringtoyou.ᡃÿᨵ≶ᢣ஺■ঝDon,trefertothatmatteragain,please.⌕஺■(9)Ininternationaltradeitisalmostimpossibletomatchpaymentwithphysicaldeliveryofthegoods,whichconstitutesconflictingproblemsfortrade,sincetheexporterpreferstogetpaidbeforereleasingthegoodsandtheimporterpreferstogaincontroloverᙠ▭᧕▭!"#$%&'()᪀ᡂ᧕Ḅ-./012ᖪ45ᙠ678ᐜ:ᑮ<&2ᖪᑣ45ᙠ78>?ᑴᱥ஺■(10)itdoesnotguaranteethatthegoodspurchasedwillbethoseinvoicedorshipped.BᵨDEFᡠHᱥᓽ6ἠᡠKᡈᡠMNḄᱥজguaranteevt.EFFDOP☢#RSthatTUV#RSW

38Xtodosth.a.Wecannotguaranteethatthepunctualarrivaloftrainsinfoogyweather.b.Heguranteedthedebtwillbepaid.c.Weguranteedtobeheretomorrow©Thegoodspurchasedthoseinvoicedorshippedᙳ0Z[ᑖ]^_`W_■(ll)itisstipulatedin......maylate."জDealina⃩cdᓬ■ashopthatdealsingoodsofallkinds-a⃩ᔜiᱥḄᖪj■(mwithnᵨ)pOq■Howwouldyoudealwithanarmedburglar?-⍗ᑮᢝᨵtᘤḄvwx᝞zp{-(mwithnᵨ)m…ᨵ᧕}ᩭOm…cdᓬ■I'vedealtwiththisshopfor20years.-ᡃ(ᖪjcaᨵ20ঝRelatetom...ᨵᐵWeshouldrelateourworktosociety.■(12)theywillbeconsidered.....thecredit.

39জSolongas⌕᝞■Youmayborrowthisbookaslongasyoupromisetogiveitback.-⌕q)#R(஺ঝComplywithTT⍳ᔠ■Allthecitizensmustcomplywiththelaw.ᑗ⍳஺■Youmustcomplywiththelibraryrules.-⍳✂Ḅ¡ᑣ■Wecannotycomplywithyourrequest■(13)thequalityandquantity......thegoods■Dependupon(on).¢☠¤¥■CanIdependonyou?ᡃ#RB¦ᔩ■Ihaven'tacar,Ihavetodependonthebuses.-ᡃ¨ᨵ©ª$☠ᐳ©ª஺m஺n,uponnᵨ#R¬®¯

40-2.´µ]¶■(1)aneffectivemeansᨵᦔḄ¸¹஺means`ºஹ¸¹¼½ᯠ°X¿]Àᵨs,ÁᓾᓫᦪÅ]஺᝞Revolutionisameansnotanend☩Ǹ¹<ÈḄ஺■(2)facilitateinternationalpaymentº>▭É஺Ê`0ËᱥÌ]P☢ᵨ⊤Îᱥᡈ'0ḄÅ]ᡈÌÅ]`Ï_஺<$ᵨÌ]WX`Ï_V$ᵨ⊤ÎḄ]`Ï_஺■(3)dispatchv.Ð⍧6ᦻᢣᱥ஺■(4)negotiateÌ]ÓᑴᖪWÔÕᐟ×ᦻnegotiateØᵨḄᐟ×7negotiatingbankÙ⌕ᢣÚ'஺(5)guaranteev.EFFÛFD஺(6)purchasev.HdmÌ]buyÜÝÞßᵨà☢ᔠᡈᦻ7஺(7)inferioradj.áâḄᐸᵨᜐ0ßmå]tonᵨ⊤ÎæPὅè஺■goodsinferiortosample-éᙢ᝞᪵ìḄᱥ■Noinferiorproductsshouldbeallowedtopass.

41-¥ᐕîïZ¦zèì஺■Hisworkisinferiortomine.-ðḄñ`᝞ᡃ஺(8)quantityn.ᦪòquantityóôõᓫ]quality(éò)⊤ÎᖪìḄöõº☢஺(9)obligationn.moralduty÷¦øùa.You'reundernoobligationtopayforgoodswhichyoudidnotorder.¨ᨵúHḄᱥ)û஺b.Damagingtheglasswaresputsyouunderanobligationtobuythem.üý(þᴻᘤᩭ஺c.Iamunderanobligationtohelp.ᡃᨵ(10)ultimatelyadv.ᨬa.Ultimately.,allthecolonieswillbecomeindependent.ᨬᡠᨵḄᙢ஺b.Wehopeultimatelytobeabletobuyacarofourown.ᡃᨬ!"#$%஺c.Theunionleadersdeclaredthattheultimateaimoftheirstrugglewastopayincreaseandimprovedworkingconditionsfortheworkers.&'⚞)*+,-ᧅ/Ḅᨬ0Ḅ1⌕34&*&56ᦋᗐ&9ᩩ;஺

42■(11)gaincontroloverᑮ>....Ḅ@ᑴ■a.Itisdifficulttogaincontroloverthearmynow.Bᙠ⌕@ᑴDEFGHI᧕K஺■b.Thenewteachergainedcontrolovertheclasseasily.LᦟNOI᧕ᙢ@ᑴPKQRST஺(12)applicant,UᵨWᵭYZW*[ᙠUᵨW\᧕]^_`aᖪcd1ᵭYZW*_ᡈὅgh&W*ஹjᡲ*l஺■(13)openingbank,ZWm[noZWᵭY*Ḅ⌕pᵭY஺ZUᵨWḄqm,rZWm_ᐸtuvwᑏᡂissuingbankᡈestablishingbank.-(14)14)beneficiary,oz*[{ᵨUᵨWᑮ|}Ḅ~a*,9rUᵨWḄoz*(15)bilateraka.Ḅ஺■Thetwocountriesaredoingwhattheycantoimprovethebilateralrelations.ᑗᦋᗐᐵ஺■Wehavereachedabilateralagreementᡃᡂ஺■(16)unique:a.!"#Ḅ$%ᱯḄ஺■Thatbuildingisuniquebecausealltheotherslikeitweredestroyed.'()*+%ᱯ,-ᡠᨵ01'᪵Ḅᐸ4)*567஺■Ifitisgoingtodrawpeople'sattention,itmustbeunique.8⌕ᔾ;|=Ḅ>?,ABCᐹᨵ%ᱯឋ஺(17)submit.FGFH■Isubmittedmypaperstotheexaminer.-ᡃJKᔁHMNὃὁQ஺■Ihopeyoucansubmityoutermpapersbeforethedeadline.-ᡃRSTUᙠᨬXYZ[\H]TḄ^Z_ᦻ஺

43■(18)undertaking:n.■Whatistheseller'sundertaking?ᓬᨵ■(19)nominate:vt._₞__■(20)expire:■Myseasonticketwillexpirethisweek.ᡃḄᨴἠᑮᕜr஺■OurtradeagreementwithHollandwillexpireattheendofthisyear.-ᡃ₹ᐲḄ᧕஺■(21)unitprice,ᓫ¡_ᓽᢣᡠ¤ᖪ¥ᓫ¦¡§஺■(22)partialshipment,ᑖᢇª«[ᑖᢇª«ᢣ#᫕\᧕^Ḅ#ᔠḄ®ᱥvwᑖ°±ª«²஺■(23)seal:n.-³ᓺµ_¶·¸∑_¸º_¸ᓺ»¼-¸ᩩ½¸∑»¼-¾¸ḄDᑖ_¾¸¿■᪗Â_µÃ■vt.■Ä·_Äᓺ_ᡭᓺ¸∑¾¸4¸ᩩ

44■Wesealthebackofenvelopes.ᡃU¸ḄÆ☢¸È஺-ÉÊoffËᵨ̸Í◞¸Ï-ÉdÊupËᵨÌÐ_Ñ■obligationn.■underlying:underlieḄBᙠᑖÒÓÔ-ÕÖ×■underanobligation■ᨵÕÖØÙ■Weareunderanobligationtohelp.-ᡃᨵÕÖ஺■ÚÛÜÊ9ÝÉpage51Ì-1.äåæ⚪:é1⚪ஹé6⚪ஹé8⚪஺2íî⚪-3ðñòó-4õö÷øÉ9ÝÌ-5öøõÉ9Ýr1ஹ2ஹ4Ì

45Lesson5TheLetterofCredit(II)■i.ùúûü(l)Theyaregenerallyusedinnon-tradesettlementorinpaymentinadvancebymeansoftheL/CᐝἠUᵨWcdᵨþÿ᧕ᡈᵨ⚜஺a.Inadvance⚜ᐜSendyourluggageinadvance.It'sunwisetospendyourincomeinadvance.b.BymeansofᑭᵨThestockisgottoSouthAmericanbymeansofairfreight.Byallmeansᑗbynomeans!"Thesegoodsarebynomeanssatisfactory.bynomeans#ᙠ%✌ᵨ᎔()*■(2)mostofthecreditininternationaltradeare.......■thedraft.i.e=thatis.+,-)./012Ḅ4)5ᨵnamely,or,suchas,especially,ect.b.Requiresb./sth.Todosth.⌕89:;<=

46Thelawrequiresyoutosubmitallincometothetaxauthorities.Allpassengersarerequiredtoshowtheirtickets.Require>?@)A%B⌕ᵨCD)E஺Herequiredshe(should)accompanyhimtonewyork.■(2)safeandreliable,thistypeisextensivelyusedinworldtrade.FGᵨHIᐰKL☠ᙠN▭᧕PQRSᵨ஺■Safeandreliable:+TU0VW)XYZbeing+adj᪀஺ᐸ]^HLᙠ%✌"Lᙠ%P%_TU0VW)Ḅ᪀5XYZwhen,if,because⎅A%Ḅḕᶍᙠ%PL=BcdefghiW)஺᝞k■Hecamethoughthestormsafeandsound.■Unabletoreply,hepretendnottohearme.■Young,richandpretty,Janehasalotofboyfriends.(3)Itmustbenotedthatifthereisnospecificindicationwhetheracreditisrevocableorirrevocable,itshouldberegardedasirrevocable.lmᢣoḄ+᝞pᵨq_᪗s“Lu├”5+“

47Lu├”xy]Lu├ᵨ஺a.Itmustbenotedthatifthereisnospecificindicationwhetheracreditisrevocableorirrevocable+z)A%஺12Ḅ%{5ᨵb.It+be+|}ᑖ0+thatA%It+be+adj+thatA%Itwassaidthatthepresidentwouldcomenextday.Itwasessentialthattheshortageofwatershouldbeimphasized.Specific:detailed,preciseandexactḄᑗḄ■(4)Ifacreditdoesnotspecifywhetheritistransferable,itshouldberegardedasanon-transferabledocumentsaccordingtothecreditstipulations.᝞pᵨqᨵs+ᔲLhx]Lhᵨ,ᐸ

48■“¡¢V£¤¥+¦§¨ᔠª<஺”■•Titanic*isregardedashisbestfilmsofar.'¬ᚆ®¯°±²]+ᑮ´]^¡µ¶ᨬ¸Ḅ¹ᱏ஺■(5)Asightcreditisonebywhichpaymentcanbemadeuponpresentationofthedraftandimpeccabledocumentsbythebeneficiarytothebank,ᓽ¼ᵨ+ᢣ<ᔣ¾o¿ÀἠÂÃÄÅḄᓫB¾ÆᓽḄᵨ஺■A.one=thecredit.■B.bywhichpaymentcanbemadeuponpresentationofthedraftandimpeccabledocumentsbythebeneficiarytothebank+Ç0+ᐵÉ0./Ḅ)A%■C.presentation:Ê¿■Makepaymentuponpresentationofdrafttothebank.■Freeadmissiononpresentationofthecard.■D.present:vt.ÇË.ÌÍÎ〈qÐoᕈÒadj.oÓḄᑮÔḄTherearetwentychildrenpresent.-ᙠÖḄᨵ20¦×Ø஺

49■(6).Ausancecredit,alsoreferredtoastermcreditortimecredit,isonebywhichpaymentcannotbemadeuntilaspecifictimeafterthedateoraftersight■Ù¼ᵨᓽ.usancecredit,termcreditortimecredit,+ᢣᙠoἠ>ᡈÌἠ>ᐹÜݼᡈÞBc>Ḅᵨ஺■A.alsoreferredtoastermcreditortimecredit+|}ᑖ0=)■B.one=credit.■C.not......untilßàáj........â■Wecan'tstartthejobuntilwehavetheapprovalfromtheauthorityconcerned.-ᨵᨵᐵYãḄᢇᡃæçèF⚗êV஺■Hewaiteduntilthevolcanobecamequietandhewasabletoreturntwodayslater.¡ßᑮëìíîïᩭñᜩ>¡â¶óôëìq஺■(7)Ifacreditcanbetransferredbytheoriginalbeneficiarytooneormoreparties,itisatransferablecredit.᝞pᵨLᵫd

50-ὁᑮ஺B.n.■CanIhaveatransfertoanewoffice?-ᡃᣚᑮᔩ■(8)Theoriginalbeneficiaryiscalledthefirstbeneficiaryandtheparty(orparties)thecreditistransferredtoiscalledthesecondbeneficiary.!"#$%&'Ḅ)(ᡈ,))!"#.஺■A./01Ḅthecreditistransferredto2theparty(orparties)Ḅ34஺■B.original:a.ᨬ6Ḅᨬ7Ḅ■Whowastheoriginalownerofthishouse?89:;<=ᨬ7Ḅ>■Theoriginalownerofthehouse-C.᜻ḄᨵA⌼ឋḄ■apersonwithanoriginalᨵADᜮᾯḄ■Thespeakerseemstohavenooriginalideas;hisspeechwasfullofplatitudes.-”HIJKLᨵMNOᑮḄPQ$ḄIRᐙT▰VW஺”

51■(9)Ifthebeneficiarywishestogetpaymentbeforethematurityofthedraft,hecanaskthebanktodiscounttheacceptance,andimmediatelypayhimthenetproceeds,i.e.thefacevalueofthedraftminusthedisountcharges.᝞YZ[ᙠ]ἠᑮ_`abᑮcd$ef⌕hijklᐟḄnᵨpqjrs$tuvᓽxcyz$ᓽ]ἠz{rs|஺-A.n.(sᙠ}e~sḄ)[■awishtoseetheworld-ᑮᔜᙢḄ[-ᡠ[Ḅᱥ■Thegirlgotherwish.-᝕᝞f஺■■B.vt”vi.⌕9…■Iwishwehadacar.-⌕9ᡃᨵ஺■Iwishyouaveryhappyfuture.-஺■IwishIwere30yearsyounger.

52■ᡃᓝ¡஺■IwishIknow.-ᡃ¢⍝஺■IwishIwereacat.-᝞Yᡃ9¤¥஺■Youhaveeverythingyoucouldwishfor.-⌕Ḅ¦§ᐰᨵ஺■Whendoyouwishtoleave?-Z[MN©᎛«¬■Doyouwishtoeatalone?■⌕ᵨ⚶ᔩ■¯°±on,upon²ᵨ³…´µ¶■C.preceed:vt.¯°±to²ᵨ³¬·qj■Assoonashecameinheproceededtotellusallhistroubles.-qᩭ¹ᡠᨵḄº»¼½ᡃ஺■Theinterviewproceededinamostfriendlyatmosphere.-¾Pᙠ᩽ÀḄÁÂ1qj஺

53■Assoonashecameinheproceededtocomplainaboutallhistroubles.-qᩭ¹¬·ÃឌÅᡠ⍗ᑮḄÇÇȺ஺■¯±against²ᵨ³Å½ɽ■Iadviseyounottoproceedagainsthim.ᡃÊ}⌕Ž஺-¯°±from²ᵨ³Ë¶$Å̶■Miserablesobswereheardtoproceedfromthenextroom.-Í◞Ï<ÐÑÒÓÔ᝶ḄÖ×Ø஺■°±with,to+inf²ᵨ³ÙÚqj■Tellusyournameandthenproceedwithyourstory.■”ᐜḄÜݼ½ᡃ$ᯠßàḄá஺”■Letusproceedwithourlesson.-ᡃÙÚâãᔳ஺■Afterstoppingtorest,theyproceededupthehill.-åæᩭçèfß$ÙÚâé஺■'"Onthispoint*,beproceeded,'ourattitudeisclear.'*'-&Ḽà:'ᙠ:íâᡃḄ᝱ï9ðñḄ஺'-aq■Donotproceedacrossamainroadwithoutfirstlookingtothe

54rightandtheleft.■”Lᨵᔣóôõö÷ø`a,}⌕úûᜧýþ஺”■(10)theymainlyincludepaymentcreditanddeferredpaymentcreditwhicharerepectivelysimilartosightcreditandusancecreditwiththedifferencethatnodraftisdrawnandpresentedinthecaseofnon-draftcredit>⌕ᨵcdnᵨpÿᵨᵨᑖᓽᵨ஺ᡠḄᙠἠᵨἠ!ἠ஺■A.similar:adj."#Ḅ"Ḅ$%Ḅ■Mynewdressissimilartotheoneyouhave.-ᡃḄ)⊟+,Ḅ-."஺■Allbigcitiesarequitesimilar.-ᡠᨵḄᜧ1234ᜧ56஺-78"Ḅ■B.respect:n.(:of,for;ᵨ)=>$=?■toshowrespecttothosewhoareolder-=>@ὅ■Thestudentshavegreatrespectfortheirhistoryteacher.-BCDEF=>GDḄᔊIὁK஺■ᐵN$OP

55■topay(have)respectto■ᐵN■(pl)>P$Q᎛■Givemyrespectstoyourwife.-STᡃᔣ,VVQW஺■B.vt.=>$=?■Irespecthiscourage.ᡃ>XGḄYZ஺■rilrespectyourwishes.-ᡃ=?,Ḅ[\஺■Usuallypeopledon*trespectthosewhoaretoocompliant.■”^_ᩭabDcd-efgheeiiḄb஺“■withoutrespecttok$ὃ⇋■withrespecttonᑮ■withrespecttotherecentfloodnᑮᨬ%Ḅqr■inallrespectsshtu☢ᩭcinrespectofᐵw$x…ᩭa■payone'srespectsz{■C.respectable:adj.|>Ḅᨵ}\Ḅ~Ḅ=>Ḅ;

56■arespectableyoungman^|>Ḅb■respectfuLadj.>Ḅ=>Ḅ=?bḄᨵḄ$■pectfulsilence-ᙢᢝ☟■respective.adj.ᑖḄᔜḄ■tovisitourrespectivemothers-ᔜcḄ■(11)Ithasalreadybeenmentionedthattheletterofcredithasgreatlyfacilitatedandpromotedinternationaltrade.☢ᑮᵨ᩽ᜧᙢu▭᧕஺■(12)Thesellermaysustainlossesbecauseofthebuyer'sdelayorevenfailureintheestablishmentofcredit.ᓬu|¢ᵫw¤u¥¦§¨¢©ℳ«¬ᜫ஺■(13)Besides,itismoreexpensivetousetheletterofcreditthanremittanceorcollectionasthebankwillchargeitsclientforalltheservicesitprovides.◀¯°᜜ᵫw²³´ᐸ¶Ḅᡠᨵ+·¸¹ᔣºᡝᦈ½¾ᵨ¿ᵨᵨÀÁᡲᦈ¾ᵨ⌕~஺■A.tousetheletterofcreditthanremittanceorcollectiongÄ

57ÅÆÇÈ஺-B.asÉÊËÌ8ÈhÍ■C.charge:n.¾ᵨ$ÎÏ$ÐÎ■achargefortheuseofthetelephone-¿ᵨᵯÒḄ¾ᵨ■Thechargeforafront-rowseatis$3.-᣸ÔἠÎÕÖ×Øᐗ஺■Charge:n.ÚÛ$ᢣÚ$ÚÝ■achargeofstealing-ᏕßàḄᢣÚ■Thechargecarriesapossiblesentenceofthreeyears.-⚗ÚÝ|¢⌕ᑨ×ãᑛ஺■Charges.få$¿æç■Shechargedmetolookafterherdaughter.-᝛⌕ᡃæçck᝛Ḅ᝕ê஺-ëF:with;ᵨìíëîïì$ð-᎔ë⏀ì-ëF:up;ᵨì¿ᐙᵯ■Doesyourcarbatterychargedeasily?

58-,-ôõöḄ÷ᵯøù᧕ᐙᵯᔩû■ë:with;ᵨì¿æç■vt.,vi.⌕Î$ÐÎ$⌕büý$ᦈ¾■Thefruitsellerchargedmetoomuchmoney.þrÿᖪ⌕ᡃḄ஺■Howmuchdidhechargeyouforrepairingthebicycle?-ᳮᦈ■Howmuchdoyouchargeforyourmushrooms?Ḅ↣⌕■Doyouchargefortheuseoftheofficetelephoneatoff-dutytime?-ᡭᵯ"#ᦈ$ᦈ%■Thatseasidehotelchargesexorbitantpricesduringthesummerholidays.-&'()*✂ᙠ-ᜩ/Ꮇ12ᜩ⌕஺-345with6ᵨ89:;<ᢣ9;>?■Hewaschargedwithstealingacar.-@ᢣ>ᏕBCD஺■Thoseyoungmenwerechargedbythepolicewithcausingadisturbanceintheneighbourhood.-EFᢣ>&G☘IJᙠKBLM᡾OPQR஺

59■Thetaxcollectorhasbeenchargedwithextortingmoneyfromseveralshopkeepers.-ᦈSᕒUᑮᢣ>,RXYᔣ[\]^_`a■D.provide:bc;bd■Theyprovideuswithfood.-#bdᡃ#eᱥ஺■Weprovidedfoodforthehungrychildren.-ᡃ#g⛭iḄjk#lbeᱥ஺-⚜n;op■Itisprovidedinthecontractthattheworkshouldbeaccomplishedwithinayear.-᜿nropK⚗tuvwᙠBIᑁyᡂ஺■Thelawprovidesthatvaluableancientbuildingsmustbepreservedbythegovernment.-{|op}~Ḅᱥvwᵫ஺■345for,against6ᵨ8⚜■■■It'swisetosavesomemoneyandprovideforthefuture..”gᩭᵨuGᜓYḄ஺”-b;ᜓd■toprovidefoodandclothesforone'sfamily

60■'■Hehasawifeandsevenchildrentoprovidefor.-◤⌕k¡¢\jk஺-2.£¤¥■(1)confirmedcredit,ᐟ§ᵨ¨©᝞«§ᵨ¨@<¨᜜Ḅ᜜B'®ᐟK\§ᵨ¨¯°gᐟ§ᵨ¨஺-(2)sightcredit,ᓽ1§ᵨ¨©ᓽᐸ§ᵨ¨YᢣU³Jᔣ®l´¥ἠ¡¶·¸¹Ḅᓫ»®¼ᓽ½¾Ḅ§ᵨ¨஺■(3)usancecredit,¿1§ᵨ¨■(4)consultingwith:¡...Àᖪ஺consultwith$ÁÂconsult,ÃὅḄÅÆYÇᦟᎷ᝞ÉÊᦋgconsultthebeneficiaryᑣÅÆg“ᔣU³JÎÏД஺■(5)allthepartiesconcerned,ᡠᨵÓÔJ஺Party◀uÖ×Î᜜Ø4u1)ÙÚஹÜÝḄÞ5ὅ¡ᨵᐵà☢2)Þâ⚗ÜḄBãJäJᕒ3)åæᡈèéឋëÙ஺■(6)referredtoasÅÆY“lᑮâJᡈ☩Ôᱥ°íg"᝞©MaoZedongwasreferredtoasthegreatsavioroftheChinesenation.ïðñ@°uòóôõḄᜧᦗø஺■(7)toissueanL/Cinfavoroftheseller,<¼ᓬàgU³JḄ§

61ᵨ¨஺<¨úûissueanL/C,ü4ᵨopenanL/CᡈestablishanL/C.infavorofthesellerüúûintheseller'sfavor,ᡈwiththesellerasthebeneficiary^o(8)advise,ᙠ᜜ýþÿᵨ“”informᣚadviseḄ⌕ᵨtellᩭᣚ஺■dealin:⃩஺☢ᖪ!ஹᐹ$%&᝞(Thecompanydealsinbooks*)*+⃩,-஺.dealwith☢᝞/ᡈ*+⊤2“3……56᧕”8᝞⊤2“9⚪”;<Ḅ=ᑣ⊤2“ᜐᳮ■(10)non-tradesettlement,AB᧕DE(Non-tradesettlementmainlymeansthesettlementwhichoccurnotbecauseoftradebetweenthetradingparties,butoftheotherreasonssuchasthegovernmentagreement.AB᧕DEF⌕ᢣHᵫJ6᧕KLḄB᧕.MNḄDE.HᵫJO᝞PQRS;<ḄᐸUVW஺■(11)revocablecredit,X├Zᵨ[(Thecreditisarevocableoneifthecommitmenttopayonthepartoftheapplicantandtheissuingbankcanbealteredorevencanceledwithoutconsultingwiththebeneficiary.᝞\ᵭ^/ᡈ_[`abcḄdeᙠghij/RᖪḄklm.nᦋpqrstuv)Zᵨ[ᓽxX├Z

62ᵨ[஺■(12)irrevocablecredits,X├Zᵨ[(IrrevocablecreditsarethosethatcannotbeamendedorrevokedwithouttheconsentofallthepartiesconcernedX├Zᵨ[Hᢣgᨵᐵ{|/h}}~ᦋᡈX├ḄZᵨ[஺■(13)goodsshippedᑖ=shippedS~⛲ᨵ"ᡂ”Ḅ}஺■(14)aparticulartransaction,ᱯSḄ6᧕஺(15)categoi"y:n.<ᶖ■Wedealonlyinthemostexpensivecategoriesofwacthes.■Thisbookfallintothecategoryofreferencebooks.(16)Fallunder:x...<x...⚗m,ᑡᐭ...⚗■Thesubjectfallsundertreeheads.■Whalesfallundertheclassofmammals(17)mechenism:᪀ᑴD᪀LThemechenismofthebody;themechenismofgovernment;thecompany*sdiscountmechenism;marketmechenism.(18)certainty:n.Ḅ|Sᶧ■Pricehavegoneupthafsacertainty.■It'sacertaintythathewillwinthegame.

63■Wecanhavenocertaintyofsuccess.19alter:¡ᦋpp¢pᓄ஺a.Theseclothesaretoolarge;theymustbealtered.¤¥⊟§¨ᜧª~ᦋ஺b.Thedesignoftheelectriccircuitsofthedigit-controlledlathemustbealteredtomeetthenewrequirement.¤«ᦪ®Ḅᵯ°±²³´ᦋµ¶〉¸¹Ḅ⌕º஺20commitment:de»S¼½8d¾¿&a.acommitmenttopay$50000toRedCrossdeᔣÁᓝÃÄÅÆ50000Çᐗb.I'vetakenontoomanycommitments.ᡃd¾Ḅ¿&¨ÊË஺c.Hedoesn'twanttogetmarriedbecauseheisafraidofanycommitments.”UÌDÍWxUÎ᝿d¾½Ð¼21commit:vt.A.ÑÒ┯ÔஹÕÖ85Ò×|Ö8Ò᝚Ö8ÑÒÙÖArobberywascommittedlastnight.᧤ÛÜÝËNÞßᫀ஺Ifyoucommitacrimeyoucanneverescapebeingpunished.

64”á⌕HÑÕâ⌫ῃË⌕iåæ஺”çἭ8mé8ᐭêëì▾tocommithimtojailîUçἭB.de8»S8ïðtocommitoneselftoapromiseieñḄ»ï(22)Cancel:òó,st8ôõᦔa.Shecancelledherorder.᝛stSø஺b.Shecancelledthetriptoparisasshefeltill.vt.ù8úû├ᡙa.acancelledstamp.ᵨḄýἠ஺b.shecancelledherorgderforacar.c.Theycancelledthedisputedclauseinthecontract.Vt.ÿ├⊝,ᑜᣵ(23)Consult:ὃ▅a.IconsultedGeorgeaboutbuyingacar.ᡃᔣᦟḄ஺

65b.Imustconsultmyprincipalonthismatter.ᡃ!"ᡲ$ᖪ&'(஺(*!with+ᵨ)ᖪ&ᦟa.Consultwithone*sfellowworkersb.Beforewecanacceptthefirmsofferweconsultwiththeworkers.(24)revoke:./◀a.torevokeanorder.12b.Thequotaonluxuryitemshasbeenrevoked(25)cosent:v.(*!of+ᵨ)3456ᐕ8IaskedmymotherifIcouldgoout,andsheconsented.ᡃ9ᝤᝤᡃ;ᔲ=>?@᝛56B஺Hastheministerconsentedtohavehisspeechprinted?CDE34ᓺGHḄIJBᔩLn.346ᐕᐕ8Ihadtogetmymother'sconsentbeforeIwent.ᡃMNO◤QRST34஺Mary'sparentsrefusedtheirconsenttohermarriage.UVḄ᱄SX34᝛Ḅ(26)involve:(*!in+ᵨ)ᱫZ[\

66Don*tinvolveotherpeopleinyourtrouble.]^]$ᱫZ_`Ḅabc?஺(*!in+ᵨ)d◍ᐭᒹh@ZiAllthechildrenwereinvolvedintheschoolplay.ᡠᨵḄlmnoBp᪥᣸sḄᒓ஺Thislessoninvolvesalotofwork.'u◤⌕wḄxyᨵz{Beinvolvedin.|}~...Iwasinvolveinresearchproject.Beinginvolvedintheseimaginingsshehnewnothingoftime.(27)renew:vt.;ᣚᣚtorenewone'slibraryticketᣚᓱtorenewcorrespondenceOwingtoatightbudgetseveralprofessorarenotrenewed.(28)reinstate:vt.Hewasdismissed,butwaslaterreinstatedinhisformerjob.Thewotkeruniondemandedthatthesackedworkersshouldbe

67reinstated.(29)sustain:@Ὂ()R@ᢝsustainingfoodᢝḄᱥo¢£ᢝ¢¤¥ᥛ¥ᢝwilltheilgt\htshelvfcansustainallthebooks.(30)bankrupt:§¨©Ḅ@ẚ«BḄ@¬ᐰ®ᜫThecompanywentbankruptbecauseofitspoormanagement.°±²ᳮ⃩Xᗐ¶ẚ«஺vt.dẚ«Thelocalgovernmentbankruptedthesteelandironplant■¹sº!y»(page64)-1.Ä59⚪:Ç2⚪ஹÇ4⚪ஹÇ9⚪஺■1.cleancreditonlyrequirecleandraft,i.e.draftnotaccompaniedwithshippingdocumentsforpaymentwhiledocumentarycreditsrequireshippingdocumentstobepresentedtogetherwiththedraft.Theformerisgenerallyusedinnon-tradesettlementorinpaymentinadvancebymeansoftheletterofcredit.■irrevocablecreditistheonethatcannotbeamendedorrevokedwithouttheconsentofallpartiesconcerned.Ifacreditdoesnot

68specifywhetheritisrevocableorirrevocable,itshouldberegardedasirrevocable.■3.theconfirmationisundertakeneitherbyadvisingbankorbyanotherleadingbankinthecaseofconfirmedcredit.■4.no.itisnotcompletelyright.Becauseaconfirmedcreditinvolvesadditionalcostasaresultoftheconfirmation.therefore,iftheopeningbankisaarelieableprimebank,confirmationmaynotbeconfirmed.■5.asightcreditgivesthebeneficiarybettersecurityandhelphimspeeduphiscapitalturnover.■6.ifthebeneficiarywishestogetpaymentbeforethematurityofthedraft,hecanaskthebanktodiscounttheacceptance,andimmediatelypayhimthenetproceeds,i.e.thefacevalueofthedraftminusthediscountcharges.7.Acreditcanbetransferredonlyonce,buttransferringacredittomorepartiesatthesametimeisallowedprovidedpartialshipmentsarepermitted.8.Arevolvingcreditisparticularlyusefulwhenthebuyerandsellerhaveregulartradingrelationshipandinaspecificquantityof

69goodseachmonthoranyparticularperiodtime.9.no.itcannot.Thesellermaysustainlossesbecauseofthebuyersdelayorevenfailureintheestablishmentofcredit.Thebuyermaysufferlossesasaresultofthedocumentpresentedbythesellerwhichdonottrulyrepresentthegoodsshipped.lO.non-draftcreditisonebywhichpaymentistobemadebypresentationofdocumentswithouttheformalityofdrawingandpresentingadraft.2ËÌ⚪h,a,e,b,d,I,c,j,g,f3¬ÕÖ×(Bank;written;request;shall;have;to;providedåstanding;against;for)4æçè(y»)Outlay:n.ëì@¥>@├abuse:vt.abused,abusingíî@ïᵨᝠᵨñᵨtoabuseaprivilegeïᵨᱯᩗ@⇊õ⏙õtoabuseahorse⇊õ'ᓛøAggregate:adj.ùḄᔠûḄWhatwereyouraggregatewageslastyear??ü`Ḅxý'ᐳ;{ÿ

7052ஹ3ஹ6Lesson6TheBusinessContract■i.Litisenforceablebylaw,andanypartythatfailstofulflllhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation,thoughmostcontractsdonotgiverisetodispute.ᯠᦪᔠ!"#$%&ᔠ'()$*+,-ᑴ/012஺■A.fail:vt/viᜫ5■Theprototypefaileditsfirsttest.■vi.,vt.ᜫ5678■Theteachersfailedmeonthewrittencomposition.-ᦟ<=>ᡃḄAᜮᦻ78஺■HefailedhisEnglishexamination.

71-DḄEὃG78஺H6IJ/ᑮ6ᱥMNᦈ■Lastyearthecropsfailed.-PQRᱥNᦈ஺■"Theyfailtorecognizethatourpopulationisincreasingfasterthanthesupplyoffood,availableresourcesandjobopportunities."-D=SᨵUVᑮᡃ="WḄXYZ[\]^Ḅ_`IabḄcdefḄg*஺-hᜫi6jk■Hiscouragefailedhimintheend.-”ᑮᨬn,Dpq\஺”■Wewillneverfailtoliveuptowhatourparentsexpectofus.-ᡃ=rjkᡃ=Ḅ᱄tuᡃ=Ḅvi஺■Hisfriendsfailedhimwhenhemostneededthem.-Dᨬ◤⌕yzḄ{᎛D=ᓾ~Dᜫi஺-⊦⌨6⊦■Thewindfailedandtheseareturnedtocalmness.-“\,☢ឮ\ᱏ☟஺”■%&;⍳

72■tofulfillone'spromiseabcd-᡻b$fᡂ$gh■HehasfulfilledtheordersthatIgavehim.-4fᡂᡃM4Ḅij஺■Theyfulfilledtheirworkaheadoftimeaswedidours.■”mᡃ᪵,4nF\fᡂop஺”-qr$st$ᑮ■Hisbeliefthattheworldwouldendwasnotfulfilled.-4vwxyz{Ḅᩭ}~ᨵ஺■"Ifhe'slazy,he'llneverfulfllhisambitiontoachieveanything.**-“᝞44nstᨵᡠᡂAḄ”-ᢵ■Shefuelledherselfasamother.--᝛ᢵ஺■Shefulfilledherselfbothasaqualifledmotherandasasuccessfulpainter.-᝛ᐙᑖᢵḄUḄᡂḄ஺

73C.force:vt.forced,forcing-ᑴ6hTheriderforcedhishorseonthroughthestorm.hDḄᙠ஺It'snotpropertoforceyourideauponothers.ḄJ-"ាḄ஺Theenemywasforcedtogroundarms.¢"£¤¥¦ᘤ஺ᵨ©ªforcethewindowopenᵨ©ªc«¬-/0forcedlaughter-®¯°ᡂ²Y©©³theforceoftheexplosionᰦµ©Youmustuseforcetoopenthatbottle.¶·¸ᵨ©ᡭcº»¼஺

74Theporterhadtoforcethewindowopeneverymorning.½ᜩ¿ᨌÁÂÃÄᵨ©Å«ᡝᡭc஺Newemergingforcesareinvincible.Dz©³)ᡊÉḄ஺©Thethieftookthemoneyfromtheoldmanbyforce.ÊᏕᵨ©ÌÍ\ὁ"ḄÏ஺n.ீᱥு©theforceofgravityᙢÓ©Theforceofgravitymakesthingsfalltoearth.ᙢÓ©hᱥÔÕᔣᙢ☢஺ש6Ø©theforcesofevilÙូØ©theforcesofnatureᯠ©ÛÜ©forceofexampleÝ᪵Ḅ©³Thereisforceinwhathesaid.DḄßᨵÛÜ©஺àá6ᐷ©thepoliceforceãäàá(pl)åæ¦ç©³Theairforceisoneofthearmedforces.

75-èæ¦çàáḄé஺■(2)Incaseofafirstenquiry,thatis,anenquirysenttoanexporterwhomtheimporterhasneverdealtwith,informationshouldbegivenintheenquiryastohowthenameandaddressoftheexporterhavebeenobtained,thebusinesslineandusualpracticeoftheimporter,etc.soastofacilitatetheexporter'swork.êë✌íîïᓽWᖪᔣò#ᡭ[ó⍝Ḅ0Wᖪd0îïîïõᒹ÷Wᖪ᝞ùú\0WᖪḄ&ûeᙢᙬḄýõᒹ÷W"Ḅþ⃩ᖪwe஺■(3)Awrittencontractisgenerallypreparedandsignedastheproofofthearrangementandasthebasisforitsexecution.⌕Ḽᑴ☢ᔠ!"#ᡂ%&Ḅ()᡻+%&Ḅ,Ạ஺■prepare:ᑴ■(4)Whenthecontractismadebytheseller,itiscalledasalescontract,andwhenmadebythebuyer,apurchasecontract..ᔠ!ᵫᓬ1ᑴ+ᔠ!2"├4ᔠ!஺.ᵫ51ᑴᑣ2"78ᔠ!஺

76-;<=ᵫand>?Ḅ@ᑡ;஺B☢ᑡ;ᵫCD☢ᑡ;E᪀G!ᡠᨵ@JKLḕᶍ஺■(5)Thesettingupofacontractissimilartothatofatradeagreementoranyothertypeofformalagreements.ᔠ!Ḅ᪀ᡂ!O᧕%QᡈST,UVWḄXY%QWZ஺■that[\LD☢Ḅsettingup■(6)Theoffereemayfindpartoftheofferunacceptableandmayraiseforfurtherdiscussionshisownproposalswhichconstituteacounter-offer.ᦈᑮ_`Ḅabc_d+`ḄJᑖfc?gbchUijḄk&lmnop᪀ᡂLq`஺-2.rstu■(1)cottonpiecegoods:vwxy■(2)bleached:adj.z{Ḅ|}~■(3)produce:n.yᐸᢣy;productᢣy■(4)contractingparties:1■(5)forcemajeure:fbᢙᩩ■(6)arbitration:ᩩ■(7)businessline:⃩

77■(8)contractproper:ᔠ!ஹᔠ!Xᦻᵨᙠᡠ⛲tḄB☢,⊤“Ḅ”“¢£¤¥¦Ḅ”᝞¨ᢣfᒹª«¬ᙠᑁḄᓅ¯°±஺QᐺXᦻ஺■(9)Thecommoditiesinvolved:³´ḄᖪyᨵᐵḄᖪy஺¶·ᑖtQ¸¹ᙠᡠ⛲tḄB☢,ᐸ=ᑖtº¸Q¸»=᝞¼஺᝞¨ᡠ◤ᓫ¿5ᨴ_ÁḄ8ᱥ´ÃÄ☢Ḅ¨#ᡂḄᩩ஺■(10)possibleextensionofthecontract,ᔠ!bcḄÅÆᐸÇ¥"ᔠ!fQÅÆÈ=᝞ᨵÉ⌕bÅÆ஺ᙠᩩ₞ÄË⌕ÌQÅÆḄᩩÍ,᝞ᙠᔠ!ᨵᦔÆÏÐD@ᨴᵫ1!¤Ñᔠ!ÅÆ஺■(11)certificate:n.)■(12)ChinaCommodityInspectionBureauÒÓᖪyÔÕÖ×2ᖪÔÖ(CCIB),ØÙᖪyḄÔÕ஺■(13)specification:n.Ì£■(14)businessline,¨=ᢣᔜ1ḄᡠᒹªḄ஺■(15)consignment,Û4¨ÛÜᢣᓬ1Ñ8ÝÞßᑶ_ÁáÓ᜜ᵫᐸᙠ+ÓḄ[├a["4ᙠ8ᱥ4ãDᡠᨵᩗåæᓬ1஺■(16)contractingparties.1¨1=ᢣçᔠ!Ḅè1☢,

781b=aஹéêᡈÓë஺17offeree,g`a¨g`ap=gì`Ḅíî஺■18salescontractual,├4ᔠ!¨᝞ïᔠ!=ᵫᓬ1ᑴQḄᑣ¼ᔠ!ᓽ"├4ᔠ!■19purchaseconfirmation,78ñò¨78ñòóᨵᔠ!ôõö÷ᐸÒøᒹªᨬ,Ḅú᧕ᩩÍ஺20setforth:a.▰ü▊}þwhᑡ■Isthisconditionsetforthintheagreement?■Inhisprefacetheauthorsetforthhisreasonsforwritingthebook.■B.ÿ=setout■Wewillsetforthfrombeijingnextweek.21bind:a.■Bindtheprisonerarmstogether.Ḅ஺■Bindtheganstertotheseatwithropelestheshouldescape.-ᵨᙠ⌫஺■Bindtheprisoner'shandstogether.-Ḅᣊ!ᩭ஺

79■Shebound(up)herhair.᝛ᜮ%&!ᩭ஺B.'(■tobindabook■'(*+,C.╨(/)ᒹ(/)■Thedressisboundwithribbon.-23⊟5ᵨ67╨/஺■D.89■Thisdoughisn'twetenoughtobindproperly.-2:☢<=>?8=ᑮ*ᙽB஺-E.CDEFᡈHIḄJK■Iamboundbythisagreement.-ᡃD2⚗NOḄJK஺-fCPQ■Theyboundmetoremainsilent.RCᡃSᢝUV஺G.ὶᔠ■Manythingsbindus(together).-YZ[\CᡃR]ᔠᙠ*!஺

80■22enforce:enforced,enforcing^_`abEcde■Thepoliceenforcethelaw.-fg᡻E஺-bi஺njᵨeklkᑴnᢝkob⌕qஹstde■Enforceable:kᑴḄukᑴ᡻_Ḅ஺Theterminacontractareenforceablebylaw.■(23)sue:!vwx஺■Tosuesb.fordamage.■Heissuingthecompanyfor50,000compensation■(24)tradefairs:ᖪz{᧕}Torunatradefair(25)Trunkcall:~⌶ᵯ■(26)vountai'y:Ḅ%ḄḄ■Sheisavoluntaryworkeratthehospital.-᝛ᙠ2▾5Ḅ஺-☠ᣎḄ-Ḅ■thevoluntarymovements

81-■(27)indispensible:adj.◤⌕Ḅ=uḄ■She*sbecomequiteindispensabletothecompany.᝛ᡂ=Ḅ஺■Airandwaterareindispensabletolife.-¡¢£ᡠ¥◤Ḅ¦§஺■Hewastheindispensibleflgur.■(28)invalid:adj.¨ᦔḄ■Theclaimhasbeendeclaredinvalid.■Unlessitissigned,acheckisinvalid.■(29)settingup:]᪀᪀ᡂ஺■Heisnewtoofficeanddoesnotknowthesettingupyet.■Thegovernmentplannedtorebuildthecity*sentiresettingup.■(30)hereby:adv.-(ᵨ«ᦻ)ᱯ■IherebydeclareMrRogerselected.■“ᡃᱯ°±²ᩲ´ᐜ¢Q⌱஺“■WeherebyrevoketheagreementofJanuary1st1998ᡃᙠ·├*¹¹º»*ᨴḄNO஺

82■(31)herewith:adv.-½▬■Wesendyouherewithtwocopiesofthecontract.-ᡃR½▬ᔠ¿*ÀÁÂ஺■Alistofthenamesofthecontributorsisenclosedherewith.Ã▬ᣎÄḄÅᓫ஺■(32)bleach:vt.,vi.CÇÈ■Didyoubleachthistablecloth?-É2ᙽʱËÈᔩÍ■Bleached:adj.ËÈḄ%ÈḄ஺■Therewereonlyafewdrybonesleft,bleachedbythesun.ÎᶇÐ*ÑÒÓ□᧼Ö%ÈḄ×Ø஺(33)offer:A.vt.,vi.ÙÚÙÛ■Imustofferthemanapologyfornotgoingtoattendtheirget-gathering.-ᡃÜᨵÞÛßRḄà},¥âᔣRäå஺■Heofferedme300dollarsforthattelevision.-Û300æᐗᔣᡃèéêᵯëì஺■(itojᵨ)⊤äîï■offertogo■ðñ

83-ÙO-Ûòóô■anofferof£100Ûò100õ╏-ÙÚ■Ihavebeenofferedalargesumofmoneytogoaway,butIamdeterminedtostayhere.■ᨵ÷ᔣᡃÙÚᜧùÄ⚗úᡃûüýᡃþÿᶇᙠ஺■Thankyouforyourofferofhelp.-Ḅ஺■(34)consign:ᡲ■toconsignmoneyinabank-ᙠ■toconsigngoodsbyrailᱥ〈■Thegoodshavebeenconsignedtoyoubyair.-ᱥᵫ"#$%஺■Consignmentn.&'ᡲ,ᡲᓬḄᱥᡲḄᱥ*■Theirconsignmentofbananaswas/werebad.

84-+,ᡲḄ-ᢇ✏Ⅵ1234஺■onconsignment-&'■Weusuallyonlyordergoodsonconsignment.-ᡃ,6789:;&'Ḅᱥ஺■(35)arbitration:settlementofadisputebythedecisionofsomeonechosenasajudgebybothsides<=஺■(36)focemajeure:somethingwhichhappensoutofthecontrolofthepartieswhohavesignedacontract,suchaswar,flood,earthquake,strike.ect>?@ABC(page25)-1.DEF⚪:I1⚪ஹI6⚪ஹI8⚪஺2KL⚪-3MNO"-4PQRS(BC)5QSP(BCV1ஹ2ஹ4)

85Lesson7MajorDocumentsRequiredinWorldTrade■i.WXYZ■(1)Iftheyarenotthecorrectones,theimporterwillhavedifficultiesintakingdeliveryofthegoods,anddelayscausedbyincorrectdocumentationmayaffectfuturebusinessrelationsbetweenthetradingpartners,᝞\ᓫ^3_`ḄabcdᖪfᙠḄg᎛⍗ᑮklbmᵫn3_`Ḅᓫ^ᡠpqḄrst9uvwᑮx᧕z{|}~Ḅx᧕ᐵ஺■জḄtheyᢣḄ☢ᡠᑮḄdocuments.■(2)Inthecaseofdocumentaryletterofcredit,anydiscrepancy,eveninminordetails,betweenthedocumentspresentedandthosespecifiedinthecreditmayleadtorefusalbythebanktomakepayment.ᙠᵨᓫᵨḄbᡠ$Ḅᓫ^ᵨᡠḄᨵ3,Ḅt9¡¢£஺■(3)Differentdocumentsarerequiredfordifferenttransactions,dependingonthenatureofthedeal,thetermofdelivery,thetype

86ofcommodity,stipulationsofcredit,regulationsandpracticesindifferentcountriesetc.3¤Ḅ᧕◤⌕3¤Ḅᓫ^b§¨n᧕Ḅឋ1ஹᩩ«ஹᖪ*Ḅ¬ஹᵨḄஹ3¤®¯Ḅ°±²²஺■dependon:bedecidedbysthfollowfromsth.³´m§¨n´µᱥ■(4)Itisenforceablebylaw,andanypartythatfailstofulfillhiscontractualobligationsmaybesuedandforcedtomakecompensation,thoughmostcontractsdonotgiverisetodisputes.¶ᯠ¸ᦪᔠ¤»3pq¼½b¾ᔠ¤¿±ÀÁḄb-ÂõÄÅÆ9Çᔠ¤ÈÉbt9uÊᑮqË»ÌÍᑴ°$ÏÐ஺■(5)Theinsurancepolicyandtheinsurancecertificatearesimilarinfunction,theonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterisabitsimplerthantheformer.Ñ◅ᓫ¤Ñ◅ÓḄBᵨÔÕḄbÖ,|}Ḅ×-ØÙÚὅÜὅÝᓫ-Þ஺■(6)Writtennegotiationsoftenbeginwithenquiriesmadebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedsuchasquantity,specifications,prices,timeofshipmentandotherterms.

87Ó☢ßᑨááâãÂäåæç,#$äåVèèéêᱥḄᨵᐵëb᝞bᦪ2ஹìஹíìஹîg}ᐸ+x᧕ᩩ«஺■(7)Themaincontentsofsuchinsurancedocumentsinclude:■জtheinsured.UnderCIFterms,theinsuredisgenerallythebeneficiaryofthecreditunlessotherwisespecified,whileunderCFRandFOBterms,theinsuredisusuallytheimporter.■ঝcargodescriptionincludingname,quantity,weight,shippingmarks,etc.■(3)theamountinsuredandtheriskscovered.-Ñ◅ᓫð⌕ᒹòâᑁôõ-জÌÑ◅Ä஺ᙠCIFᩩ◀÷øᨵbÌÑ◅Ä-ùᓽᵨḄÊûÄbmᙠCFRFOBᩩbÌÑ◅Ä67cdÄ஺-ঝᱥᱯþõÿஹᦪஹஹ᪗஺-ঞᦪ◅஺■(8)Theweightlist,weightnote,orweightmemoarealsosimilartothepackinglistincontentandfunctionbutputemphasisontheweightofthegoodsandaregenerallyusedforgoodswhicharebasedontheweightforpricecalculation.ᓫᙠᑁᵨᓫ!"#$%ᱥḄ()ᵨ*+,-Ḅ%ᱥ஺

88■A.Theweightlist,weightnote,orweightmemo./01☢3456t708a.arealsosimilartothepackinglistincontentandfunction;b.putemphasisontheweightofthegoods;c.aregenerallyusedforgoodswhicharebasedontheweightforpricecalculation.■B.similar:resemblingsb/sthbutnotthesame;alikeḄ9:Ḅ■জWehavesimilartastesinmusic.ᡃ<ᙠ=>?☢᰿A஺■ঝGoldissimilarincolortobrass.BCDEḄF⁐஺■C.putemphasisonsth:placespecialmeaning,valueorimportanceonsth.#$HIḄᱯKḄLMஹ-Nᡈ⌕ឋ஺■Someschoolsputgreatemphasisonlanguagestudy.ᨵST᪥᩽W0XTY஺-2.Z[\■(1)billoflading:]ᓫ■(2)carrier:^_■(3)shipper:%/ᡲ_■(4)consignor:ᡲ_■(5)carriage:

89■(6)consignee:ᦈ%_■(7)notifyparty:b(c_■(8)payable:defḄgefḄ■airwaybill:h]ᓫ■(10)insurancepolicy:◅ᓫ■(11)legalholder:ᔠjᢝᨵ_஺ᨵlᵨbonafideholderᗐLᢝᨵ_ᢣop(q“Ꮥ”ஹ“u”ஹ“v”wxjyz{|ᑮḄᢝᨵ_஺-(12)madeout“toorder”,~ᜮᡂ“ᢣ”~ᜮḄ]ᓫg+(qᵫ_ᓫḄ“h”ᑡ_Ḅ஺■(13)shippingmarks:ᖂᜮᓽᓺᑵᙠ᜜ᒹ.*qḄ᪗஺■(14)portofshipment:ஹ(15)apparent:“Ḅ”“{᧕¢Ḅ“9“᜜£Ḅ”“⊤☢Ḅ”,ᜐp§¨©M஺■(16)cargoreceipt:ª«ᓫ%ᦈ¬■(17)commercialinvoice:ᖪ®¯ἠ■(18)legalholder:ᔠjᢝᨵ_

90■(19)insurancecertificate:◅±■(20)customsinvoice:²ᐵ¯ἠ■(21)consularinvoice:⚞I¯ἠ■(22)qualifyingremarks:ᱯµḄ¶9ᢇWឋḄ¶஺¸¹ḄLºp]ᓫo»ᨵ⊤¼%ᱥᒹᡈ⊤☢½¾o¿ᔠ⌕ÀḄᢇW஺■(23)boundto:ᜐ©MpᨵÁÂMÃÄÅHI(boundtodosth)Æ6Ç0È)“É”஺■(24)insurancepolicy:◅ᓫÊᜧᓫ9insurancecertificate◅±ÊÌᓫ஺■5ÎYC®(page25)-1.ÏÐÑ⚪:§1⚪ஹ§6⚪ஹ§8⚪஺>2ÔÕ⚪-3Ö×Øh-4ÙÚÛÜ(®)-5ÚÜÙ(®.1ஹ2ஹ4)Lesson8Incoterms

91■1.Z¹ß■(1)Thetermshavebeengroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories;namelystartingwiththeonlytermwherebythesellermakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller'sownpremises(theE-term,Exworks);followedbythesecondgroupwherebytheselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstoacarrierappointedbythebuyer(theF-termsFGA,FASandFOB);continuingwiththeC-termswherethesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsdueto■eventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch(CFR,CIF,CPTandCIP);and,finally,theD-termswherebythesellerhastobearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstothecountryofdestination(DAF,DES,DEQ,DDUandDDP).ÆSà0ᢥo:ᜧâᑖ.ä6åæçp§èåéᒹêè6à0ᓬ?ᙠìíḄᙢZ(ïᔆᡈñò)ó%ᱥôfõö?(Eåïᔆô%)஺÷Ḽp§¨åùᢣᓬ?ôúᵫö?ᢣḄ^_(Få%ôû_9ýô%)஺þ☢p§5åCåᵫᓬ?ÿᔠ,ᙢᡠḄᱥᜫᡈḄ◅᜜ᵨ(ᡂ#$%ᡂ#$&◅ஹ%()%ஹ&◅())஺ᨬ-D./ᓬ12345ᱥ6ᢣ8Ḅ9:;

92<ᙢ=Ḅ>ᑗ◅@ᵨ(A᛻<%CḄDF<%CḄDṹᜮ<%IJK<%JK<஺)■(2)Conversely,undersometermssuchastheD-terms,thebuyerisnotinterestedincostswhichthesellermightincurinordertobringthegoodsallthewaytoanagreeddestinationpoint.LM>1☢ᙠᨵQᩩST᝞VD.ḄᩩSW/X1YZᐶ\]⍝ᓬ1_`5ᱥa⍝)ᢣ8CḄDᡠbᣵḄᵨ஺■জConverselydFe/⊤ghiFḄ⌮ᔣ஺■ঝundersometerms...D-termslemḄno஺pqḄ8oer⛲■(3)Further,underalltermstherespectiveobligationsofthepartieshavebeengroupedunder10headingswhereeachheadingontheseller'ssidemirrorsthepositionofthebuyerwithrespecttothesamesubjectmatter._9>tVu/ᙠᡠᨵᩩSv/Xᓬw1ᔜyḄz{ᙳ᣸ᑡᙠ10⚗᪗⚪W஺ᓬ1WḄ᪗⚪ᓽ>᪗⚪WX1Ḅᙢ஺■(4)Inthepresent1990versionofIncotermsthetradetermsarepresentedinanewformatwhichallowssellerandbuyertofollowastep-by-stepprocesstodeterminetheirrespectiveobligations.

93Ḅ90ᑣr#>Ḅ᝞X1ᓬ1ᑮᵯmᓫ/X1ᨵᓬ1ᑮᓫᑮḄḄ¡¢ᩗᑭ஺¥Xᓬw1¦t§8ᔜyḄz{஺-2.¨=©ª■Negotiabletransportdocument:«¬ᓫFOBDF<FreeOnBoard■CFTᡂ#$CostandFreight■CIFᡂ#ஹ&◅$Cost,InsuranceandFreightEXW¯ᔆ<ExWork■FCA<±FreeCarrier■FASD²A<FreeAlongsideShip■CPT()CarriagePaidTo■CIPஹ&◅()CarriageandInsurancePaidTo■DAFA᛻<DeliveredAtFrontier■DESCḄḄDF<DeliveredExShipDEQCḄḄDṹᜮ<DeliveredExQuay■DDUIJK<DeliveredDutyUnpaid■DDPJK<DeliveredDutyPaid

94-3.´µ]¶■(1)thenecessityandpurposeofhavingincoterms:Sellersandbuyersininternationalcontractwanttheirdealstobesuccessfully;completed.Whendrawinguptheircontractbuyerandsellerhavesomecommonlyunderstoodrulesspeciallyreferto.Theyspeciallyreferto.Theycanbesureofdefiningandsafety.ThepurposeofINCOTERMSistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.■(2)InternationalChamberofCommerce,(ICC)isaninternationalnon-offlcialcommercialorganizationwhichwasfoundedin1920.AnitsheadquarterisinParis.TherearethreeliaisonofficesinNewYork,Geneva,andBangkokforit.IncotermsaremadebyICC.TherearemorethanonehundredmembercountriesorregionsallovertheworldforICC.■(3)negotiable:Negotiablemeansakindofdocumentcanbetransferredfromonepartytoanotherlegallyafterafixedprocess.■(4)EDI:EDInamelyiselectronicdatainterchange,itisused

95betweenthetradingpartiestoensurethatthebuyerhasthesamelegalpositionashewouldhaveobtainedifhehadreceivedabillofladingformtheseller.■(5)tradeterms:Tradetermsaretermsusedininternationaltradetodescribethegeneralinformationaboutthetradesuchastheunitprice,portofdestination,portofshipmentandthekindofcurrencyetc.■(6)tradingpractices:Tradingpracticesarewidelyacknowledgedcustomarydeedsexperiencedfromactualtrade.■(7)rollonandrollo·:Rollonandrolloffisatypeoftransportationwherebythevehiclescanrollontheships,unloadingthegoods,thenthevehiclescanrollofftheship.Thusthegoodsaretransferredtotheships.■º»¼½l¾page25-1.¿ÀÁ⚪:Â1⚪ஹÂ6⚪ஹÂ8⚪஺2ÃÄ⚪-3JÅÆÇ-4ÈÉÊËÌl¾Í-5ÉËÈÌl¾_1ஹ2ஹ4

96Lesson9Transportation■i.¨=em■(1)Theimportantcommonelementinanydefinitionoftransportation,however,ismovement:changingthephysicallocationoffreightorpassengers.ÎÏ>ᩩḄ8zÐᨵ>¨⌕ḄÒ=/ᓽÓ/¬ᱥᡈÔÕᦋ×Ø▭ḄÚ஺■(2)Inaformalsense,freighttransportationisdefinedastheeconomicmovementofcommoditiesandproductsandtheeffectofsuchmovementonthedevelopmentandadvancementofbusiness.ḄhzFᩭV,ᱥ8z_ᖪÝ@ÞÝ_´ßCḄ9ḄÓàáÓàâᖪ¾Ḅã@9tÞḄäå஺■(3)Itallowstheentrepreneurtoassemblemoreeasilytherawmaterialandlaborinputsneededtomakeaspecificproduct.楾çèéê᧕ᙢìvíᩞᧇ@ðàñᢗᐭôÞõ⚗ᐹ÷ÞÝ஺■(4)Themostimportantcontributionthattransportationhasmadetotheproductionprocessisthat,bywideningthemarketareasthataproducercanreachithasencouragedtheintroductionofmoreefficient,larger-scaleproductiontechniques.âÞø

97ùᡠlḄᨬᜧûü-ø᡽ᜧᑴ⌼ᔆᑮḄᵨᦔ᳛ḄஹᜧḄᢈ஺■(5)Asecondfactorthathasthrustedthetransportationfunctionintothelimelightinrecentyearsisthegrowingutilizationofjust-in-timeinventorysystems.ᨬ!"#$%&Ḅ'()*+,-.ᩭ.0ᙢᵨ2345Ḅ6789஺■(6)Thepastdecadehasseenanincreasingtendencyamongbusinessfirmstoprovidetheirowntransportationcapabilityandbecomeprivatecarriers.:;Ḅᓝ=ᖪ?@ABCD4!EFGḄHᔣ.ᩭ.ᜧJᡂLBᨵN$஺■(7)Inthisworldwideenvironment,thetransportationofbothproductioninputsandfinishedproductspresentsaspecialchallengetodistributionmarkets,willrequireamoresophisticatedlogisticssystem.ᙠP)QRḄS᛻=UᢗᐭᱥYᑴᡂ[Ḅ!ᔣᑖ├^ᳮD`aᱯcḄᢧᡊ஺Uᡠᨵ@AᩭgᨵhiGᙢLQREFj◤⌕()LmᩖḄopq8஺■(8)Theutilizationofthissystemhasplacedgreatpressureonthesupplier'stransportationsystembecausethesuppliermustbeabletodeliverproductsexactlywhenthecustomerrequiresthem.Pr89ḄᵨsᜧaU4tᖪḄ!89ḄuG*L4tᖪvwᨵ

98Gᙠxᡝ◤⌕z323ᩭtᱥ஺-2.{|}~■(1)documentation:ᑴᓫ■(2)flnishedproducts:ᡂ[■(3)deregulation:├ᑴ◀ᑴ■(4)productivity:᳛■মcosteconomies:⁚ᡂᡂ⁚■(6)intermediateproducts:=[■(7)naturalproductprovince:[Bᯠ⚞

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