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EnglishPhonology PrefaceThePhonicMediumofLanguagePhonetics&PhonologySpeechOrgans/VocalOrgansVowels&ConsonantsTestYourself
1ThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechandwritingarethetwomediaorsubstancesusedbynaturallanguagesasvehiclesforcommunication.Over5,000
2Whichmediumismorebasic?Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.
3Phonetics语音学PhoneticsisthestudyofsoundsSpeechProduction(SpeakerA)SpeechPerception(SpeakerB)betransmittedArticulatoryphoneticsAcousticphoneticsAuditoryphonetics发音语音学声学语音学听觉语音学
4Phoneticslooksatspeechsoundsfromthreedistinctbutrelatedpointsofview. Therearethreebranchesofphonetics:articulatoryphonetics:isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds,itstudiesthesoundsfromthespeaker’spointofview,i.e.,howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.acousticphonetics:isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech,itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.auditoryphonetics:isthestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds,itlooksatthesoundsfromthehearer’spointofview,i.e.,howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.thelongesthistory
5Phonology音位学Phonologyisthestudyofsoundpatterns.Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages,withitsprimaryaimbeingtodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.
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8Thepharyngealcavity咽腔[,færin'dʒi:əl]Theycanberelaxedandfoldedbackateachsidetoletairflowthroughfreelyandsilentlyasinnormalbreathing.
9Theoralcavity口腔Thegreatestsourceofmodificationoftheairstreamisfoundintheoralcavity.Thespeechorganslocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,theuvula['juːvjʊlə]小舌,thesoftpalate(thevelum['viːləm])软腭,thehardpalate硬腭,theteethridge(thealveolus[æl'viələs])牙槽/齿龈,theteethandthelips.['vi:lik]软颚顶['eɪpeks]
10Thenasalcavity鼻腔Thenthepassagecanalsobeleftopentoallowair(orpartofit)toexitthroughthenose.Inthiscase,thesoundspronouncedarenasalized,suchasthethreenasalconsonantsinEnglish[m],[n],and[ŋ].
11SoundSymbols/Transcriptions音标Vowels元音Consonants辅音Obstructionoftheairstream
12AninitialclassificationwilldividethespeechsoundsinEnglishintotwobroadcategories:vowelsandconsonants.Herearetwodefinitionsofvowels:“Vowelsaremodificationsofthevoice-soundthatinvolvenoclosure,friction,orcontactofthetongueorlips.”“Avowelisdefinedasavoicedsoundinformingwhichtheairissuesinacontinuousstreamthroughthepharynxandmouth,therebeingnoaudiblefriction.”
13Thetwodefinitionspointtooneimportantfeatureofvowels,i.e.inproducingavoweltheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionwhatsoever.Thismarkstheessentialdifferencebetweenvowelsandconsonants.Intheproductionofthelattercategory—theconsonants,itisobstructedinonewayoranother.
14The Vowelsmonophthongs:[‘mɔnəfθɔŋ]diphthongs:[‘difθɔŋ]triphthongs:['trifθɔŋ]thefrontvowelsthecentralvowelsthebackvowelstheclosingdiphthongsthecentringdiphthongs
15monophthongs：单元音['mɔnəfθɔŋ]Asintheproductionofvowelstheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction.Vowelsaredifferentiatedbythefollowingfactors:thepositionofthetonguetheopennessofthemouththeshapeofthelipsthelengthofthevowels
16thepositionofthetongue:Frontvowels:thefrontpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[i:][I][e][æ]Centralvowels:thecentralpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[ə:][ə][ʌ]Backvowels:thebackpartofthetonguemaintainsthehighestposition;[u:][u][ɔ:][ɔ][ɑ:]
17theopennessofthemouthclosevowels:[i:][I][u:][u]semi-closevowels:[e][ə:]semi-openvowels:[ə][ɔ:]openvowels:[æ][ʌ][ɔ][ɑ:]
18theshapeofthelipsunroundedvowels:withoutroundingthelips;inEnglish,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunroundedvowelsroundedvowels:allthebackvowelswiththeexceptionof[ɑ:],arerounded.
19thelengthofthevowelslongvowels:tensevowels;thelarynxisinastateoftensionshortvowels:laxvowels;thelarynxisquiterelaxed
20ClassificationofConsonants
21IntermsofVibrationofVocalCords,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Voicelessconsonants:withoutvocalcordsvibration清辅音(VL)Voicedconsonants:withvocalcordsvibration浊辅音(VD)
22IntermsofPlaceofArticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Bilabial（双唇音）:/pbmw/Labio-dental（唇齿音）:/fv/Dental（齿音）:/θð/Alveolar（齿龈音）:/tdsz(tʃ)(dʒ)nlr/Palatal（硬颚音）:/ʃʒtʃdʒ/Velar（软颚音）:/kgŋ/Glottal（声门音/喉塞音）:/h/
23IntermsofMannerofArticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Plosives（爆破音）:/pbtdkg/Fricatives（摩擦音）:/fvθðszʃʒh/Affricates（破擦音）:/tʃdʒ/Nasals（鼻音）:/mnŋ/Liquids（流音）:/lr/Glides（滑音）/semi-vowels（半元音）:/wj/
24Bilabial双唇音Labio-dental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Palatal硬颚音Velar软颚音Glottal声门音PlosivesVLptkVDbdgFricativesVLfθsʃhVDvðzʒAffricatesVL(tʃ)tʃVD(dʒ)dʒNasalsVDmnŋLiquidsVDl,rGlidesVDwjClassificationsofConsonantsPlaceManner
25Textyourself:Whatarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimary?Whatisphonetics?Whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?Whichthreeimportantareasarespeechorganscontainedin?Inwhichcavitymighttheearliestsoundmodificationoccur?Speechandwriting.Speech.Phoneticsisthestudyofsounds.Articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,&auditoryphonetics.Thenasalcavity,theoralcavity,&thepharyngealcavity.Theoralcavity.
