32八缓冲硷(BufferBasesBB)是血液中一切具有缓冲作用的硷的总合。
33包括:HCO3¯血浆蛋白HbHPO42¯Figure:BufferSystemInBodyFluids正常值:45-55(50)mmol/L
34临床意义:反映体内总缓冲能力受呼吸因素影响不大
35在T37ºC、PaCO240mmHg、SaO2100%将血液标本滴定至PH7.40时所消耗的酸或硷的量,反映体内硷储备。正常值:0±3mmol/L九剩余硷(BasesexcessBE)临床意义:反映体内代谢性酸碱平衡的指标
36十血浆CO2含量(T-CO2)(TotalPlasmaCO2Content)指血浆中各种形式的CO2总量。包括:结合形式的HCO3¯(95%)物理溶解的CO2其它少量化合物(氨甲酰基)TCO2=[HCO3¯]+PaCO2=24+400.03=25.2(mmol/L)临床意义:反映HCO3¯含量。
37十一.PH值氢离子浓度的负对数,代表血液的酸碱度。(Thenegativelogarithmofthehydrogenionconcentration)pHNormalNormalMixeddisorder
38PH与[H+]呈负相关
39十二.CO2结合力(CO2-CP)(Carbondioxidecombiningpower)静脉血标本,在T37º、PCO240mmHg、PO2100mmHg测得血浆中CO2总量减去物理溶解的CO2。正常值:50-70ml%(21-31mmol/L)临床意义同SB。
40十三.阴离子间隙(AnionGapAG)血清中已测定阳粒子与已测定阴离子之差。AG=(Na++K+)-(Cl¯+HCO3¯)AG:8-16mmol/L
41SO42-(mEg/L)Figure:CationsandAnionsinPlasmaMg2+包括:乳酸、酮酸、-羟丁酸、硫酸、磷酸、蛋白质等。
42增加:酸中毒20-30mmol/L,酸中毒可能性大;>30mmol/L,肯定酸中毒。
43酸碱平衡Acid-BaseBalance
44ThenumberofH+inthebody:2400nmol(anadultmale,60Kg)TheproductionofH+:Nearly55,000,000nmol/day
45TypeofAcidsintheBodyFixedacids:(thecatabolismofaminoacidsandcompoundslikephospholipidsandnucleicacids)SulfuricacidPhosphoricacidOrganicacids:Lacticacid(anaerobicmetabolism)Ketonebodies(starvationorexcessivelipidcatabolism)Avolatileacid(H2CO3)
46Table3:Rangeof[H+]inPlasmainClinicalConditionsCondition[H+]nmol/LpHImportanceAcidemia>100<7.00CanbelethalAcidemia50-807.10-7.30ClinicallyimportantNormal4057.400.05NormalAlkalemia20–367.44–7.69ClinicallyimportantAlkalemia<20>7.70Canbelethal
47LinesofDefense:一Thebuffersystem二Therespiratorysystem三Therenalsystem
48Table4:WholebloodbuffersBuffertypeBufferingcapacityofwholeblood(%)Bicarbonateplasma35erythrocyte18total53NonbicarbonateHemoglobin35Plasmaproteins7Organicphosphate3Inorganicphosphate2total47一缓冲系统
492.HCO3¯/H2CO3ratiodecidesbloodpH.Thecarbonicacid-bicarbonatebuffersystemisthemostimportmant(53%).
50ProteinbuffersystemsR-COO-+H+RCOOHR-COOHNH2NH2NH3+pHpHInalkalinemedium,aminoacidactsanacidandreleasesH+NeutralpHInacidicmedium,aminoacidactsabaseandabsorbsH+
51ThephosphatebuffersystemH2PO4-H++HPO42-
52二肺调节:RespiratoryCompensation排出CO2(挥发酸)(3-6小时达高峰)
53RespiratorycontrolPeripheralChemoreceptorsatCarotidandAorticbodiespH,PaO2ofbloodchangesCentralchemoreceptorsatmedullaoblongataPco2,pHofCSFchangesCSFCerebrospinalFluid
54三肾的调节RenalCompensationAnOverviewofUrineFormation
55ActivetransportExchangepumpCountertransportCotransportSecretionofH+①HCO3-/H2CO3system②Phosphatesystem③AmmoniaReabsorptionofbicarbonateSecretionReabsorption
56CountertransportActivetransportSecretionReabsorptionpHofUrine:6.0(4.5--8)
57四细胞内外离子交换(24-36小时)3K+H+2Na+酸中毒98%ofPotassiumofthehumanbodyisIntheICF.
58血气分析的临床应用一确定呼吸衰竭的类型及程度二判断酸碱失衡
59表6:呼吸衰竭的程度指标轻度中度重度PaO2mmHg(Kpa)<60(8.0)<50(6.67)40(5.33)PaCO2mmHg(Kpa)>50(6.67)>70(9.33)>90(12.0)SaO2%>8080-40<40神智清半昏迷昏迷紫绀无有有一确定呼吸衰竭的类型及程度
60二判断酸碱失衡:结合临床,确定有无引起酸碱失衡的原因判断有无酸碱平衡紊乱进一步确定原发失衡因素选用合适的代偿预计公式,判断酸碱失衡
61表7:常用单纯性酸碱失衡的预计公式原发原发代偿预计代偿公式代偿代偿极限失衡改变反应时限呼酸PaCO2HCO3¯急性HCO3¯=PaCO20.071.5数min30mmol/L(4.0Kpa)慢性HCO3¯=PaCO20.355.583-5天45mmol/L(6.0Kpa)呼硷PaCO2HCO3¯急性HCO3¯=PaCO20.22.5数min18mmol/L(2.4Kpa)慢性HCO3¯=PaCO20.52.53-5天12mmol/L(1.6Kpa)代酸HCO3¯PaCO2PaCO2=HCO3¯1.5+8212-24h10mmHg(1.3Kpa)代硷HCO3¯PaCO2PaCO2=HCO3¯0.9512-24h55mmHg(7.3Kpa)
62酸碱变化规律:肺肾间相互代偿代偿有一定极限代偿有时限代偿只能使PH值向正常方向移动代偿过头或不足均提示可能存在另一种失调。过头:提示有与之相反的另一种失调;不足:提示有与之相同的另一种失调。
63(一)代谢性酸中毒(Metabolicacidosis)Mechanisms:Anincreaseofacid(notcarbonicacid)AdecreaseofbaseBoth
64Table8.CommonCausesofMetabolicAcidosisIncreaseofAcidKetoacidosis(diabetesmellitus,starvation,alcoholism)SevereinfectionBurnsShockTissueanoxiaRenalfailureIntakeofacidsorprecursorsDecreaseofBaseDiarrheaGastrointestinalfistulaIntestinaldecompressionRenaltubularacidosis
65代酸[H+]血液缓冲系统(HCO3-/H2CO3)血PH值下降呼吸中枢呼吸加深加快CO2排出PaCO2HCO3¯肾代偿排[H+]回吸收HCO3¯HCO3¯HCO3¯H2CO3=201
66Thesignsandsymptoms:IncreasedrateanddepthofrespirationHeadacheCentralnervoussystemdepressionConfusion,lethargy,coma.CardiovascularsystemdysfunctionVentriculararrhythmia,Decreasedcardiaccontractility.Death(brainstemdysfunctionorcardiovasculardysfunction)
67血气分析特点:pHNor、HCO3¯、AB=SB、BE负值PaCO2正常或AG尿呈酸性高K+血症时,尿呈硷性。
68例:女,62岁,糖尿病昏迷。血气分析:PH7.17PaCO225mmHgK+4.4mmoNa+144mmol/LCl¯107mmol/LHCO3¯12mmol/L代偿PaCO2=[HCO3¯]1.5+82=121.5+8=26
69(二)代硷MetabolicAlkalosisMechanisms:AnincreaseinbaseAdecreaseofacidBoth
70Table9.CommonCausesofMetabolicAlkalosisIncreaseofbaseIntakeofbicarbonateorbicarbonateprecursorsMassivetransfusionwithcitratedbloodDecreaseofAcidEmesisGastricsuctionHyperaldosteronismHypokalemia
71代硷[H+]血液缓冲系统(HCO3¯/H2CO3)血PH值呼吸中枢呼吸浅慢CO2排出PaCO2HCO3¯肾代偿排[H+]回吸收HCO3¯HCO3¯HCO3¯H2CO3=201
72Thesignsandsymptoms:ShallowbreathingPosturalhypotention(ECFdepletion)Muscleweakness(hypokalemia)IncreasedneuromuscularirritabilityFiguersandtoestingle,Signsoftetany,Seizures,Centralnervoussystemdepression,(Confusion,lethargy,coma)Death(brainstemdysfunction).
73血气分析特点:pHNor、HCO3¯、AB=SB、BE正值PaCO2尿呈碱性低K+血症。
74例:男,45岁,严重溃疡病呕吐一周。血气分析:PH7.50PaCO253mmHgK+2.2mmol/LNa+140mmol/LCl¯86mmol/LHCO3¯42mmol/L代偿PaCO2=HCO3¯0.95=(42-24)0.9=16.2PaCO2=40+16.2=56.2
75(三)呼吸性酸中毒:RespiratoryAcidosisMechanism:Hypoventilation
76Table10.CommonCausesofRespiratoryAcidosisImpairedGaseousExchangeChronicobstructivepulmonarydiseasePneumoniaSevereasthmaPulmonaryedemaARDSObstructivesleepapneaImpairedneuromuscularfunctionGuillain-BarresyndromeChestinjuryorsurgeryHypokalemiaRespiratorymusclefatigueRespiratorydepressantdrugs(barbiturates,narcotics)Centralsleepapnea
77Thesignsandsymptoms:Headache(cerebralvasodilation)CardiovasculardysfunctionTachycardia,cardiacarrythmias,hypotention.NeurologicabnormalitiesBlurredvision,tremors,vertigo,disorientation,lethargy,coma.
78血气分析特点:pHNor、HCO3¯(acute<32mmol/L,chronic<45mmol/L)PaCO2尿呈酸性。
79例:男,75岁,严重COPD。血气分析:PH7.350PaCO260mmHgK+3.6mmol/LNa+140mmol/LCl¯90mmol/LHCO3¯32mmol/L代偿HCO3¯=PaCO20.355.58=(60-40)0.35=7HCO3¯=24+7=31
80(四)呼吸性硷中毒:RespiratoryAlkalosisMechanisms:Hyperventilation
81Table11.CommonCausesofRespiratoryAlkalosisHyperventilationAnxiety,pschologicaldistressProlongedsobbingHypoxemiaStimulationofthebrainstem(salicylateoverdose,meningitis,headinjury)
82Thesignsandsymptoms:DiaphoresisNeuromuscularirritabilityParesthesias,numbnessandtinglinginfingersoraroundthemouth,
83血气分析特点:pH、HCO3¯PaCO2尿呈碱性低K+血症。
84例:男,40岁,肺间质纤维化。血气分析:PH7.350PaCO220mmHgK+3.6mmol/LNa+140mmol/LCl¯99mmol/LHCO3¯14mmol/L代偿HCO3¯=PaCO20.52.5=(40-20)0.5=10HCO3¯=24–10=14
85(五)混合性酸硷平衡紊乱MixedAcid-BaseImbalances
86呼酸使用利尿剂不当,低钾、低氯补充硷性药机械通气不当1.呼酸+代硷
87血气特点:PaCO2实测HCO3¯>24+PaCO20.355.58HCO3¯>45mmol/L(极限)血K+Cl¯
882.呼酸+代酸缺氧、休克、糖尿病,肺泡通气不足。血气特点:PaCO2实测HCO3¯<24+PaCO20.355.58AG血K+Cl¯
893.呼硷+代碱医源性多见,如肺心病人通气过快。血气特点:PHPaCO2HCO3¯正常、下降,升高。血K+Cl¯
90血气特点:PaCO2HCO3¯<24-PaCO20.52.5AGPH4.呼硷+代酸原因:严重缺氧,肾衰,糖尿病,休克,通气过度
91呼酸型:肺心病呼酸基础上,不恰当使用利尿剂及激素,呕吐,肾功能不足,休克等。呼硷型:Ⅰ型呼衰(呼硷)合并上述因素,或机械通气不当。5.三重酸碱失衡(Triple-acid-basedisordersTABD)肺心病伴多脏器功能衰竭者,死亡率达45%。
92潜在碳酸氢根:高AG代酸时,AG=HCO3¯AG=实测AG12潜在HCO3¯=实测HCO3¯+AG潜在HCO3¯与预计HCO3¯比较判断
93血气特点:PaCO2HCO3¯或正常潜在HCO3¯>24+PaCO20.355.58AG
94例:血气分析:PH7.35PaO240mmHgPaCO290mmHgK+3.6mmol/LNa+142mmol/LCl¯70mmol/LHCO3¯37mmol/LAG=1423770=35AG=3512=23潜在HCO3¯=37+23=60预计HCO3¯=24+PaCO20.355.58=24+(90-40)0.35=41.5
95例1.王淑珍,女,68岁,H1921852004-6-30PH7.359Na+134.2mmol/LPaO230.2mmHgK+3.22mmol/LPaCO2110.1mmHgCl¯76.5mmol/LSaO245%Hb13.9g/LBUN2.1mmol/L(2.9-8.3)BE29mmol/LCRE38mol/L(40-100)HCO3–62.6mmol/L(>45)
96总结血气分析指标正常值各种酸碱平衡紊乱的常见原因和血气分析特点
97Thanks