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1、...38...TAICHEN'SPHILOSOPHYOFPRINCIPLEASORDERINEIGHTEENTH-CENTURYCHINA,therationalisticNeo-Confu-cianismofChuHsi(1130-1200)wasstillinfluential,butthetidehadturnedagainstit.Themovement,inauguratedbyKuYen-wu(1613-1682)andYenJo-ch'ü(1636-1704),tosearchforob
2、jectivetruthandshunspeculationhadbythistimebecomestrongandextensive.Scholarsrefusedtoacceptanythingwithoutevidence,andtheirsolein-terestwastogetatthetruththroughconcretefacts.Consequently,themovementhasbeencalled"InvestigationsBasedonEvidence."Al-thought
3、heircenterofinterestwasstilltheConfucianClassics,theyweredeeplyengagedinstudyingsuchconcretesubjectsasphilology,history,astronomy,mathematics,geography,collationoftexts,andthelike.TheyrevoltedagainsttheabstractlearningoftheSungdynasty(960-1279)ofwhichrat
4、ionalisticNeo-Confucianismwasthemajorproduct,andlookedtotheearlieststudiesoftheClassicsduringtheHan(206B.C.-A.D.220)forevidence.Forthisreason,themovementisalsoknownasHanLearning.ItischaracterizedphilosophicallybyarevoltagainstChuHsi,andmethodologicallyby
5、objective,inductive,andcriti-calmethods.ThetoweringfigureinthiswholemovementwasTaiChen(TaiTung-yüan,1723-1777).ActuallyTaiwasbetterknownasaGreatMasterofInvestigations-Based-on-Evidencethanasaphilosopher.Buthisinvestigationsandphilosophyarereallyinseparab
6、le,fortheyreinforceeachother.Hewasanexpertinmathematics,astronomy,water-works,phonetics,collationoftexts,andtextualcriticism,inwhichheemployedcriticallythein-ductiveandcomparativemethods.Unlikehiscontemporarieswhopur-suedinvestigation-based-on-evidencefo
7、rtheirownsake,heregardedthemasprimarilyameanstorevealtruth.Atthesametime,becauseofhismethodandconcretestudies,heviewedtruthasanorder,asystem-aticarrangementofconcrete,ordinarydailymattersandhumanaffairs.Obviouslyathinkerofthisframeofmindwouldnotentertain
8、anab-stract,transcendentalconceptofprinciple(li),which,hesaid,theNeo-ConfucianistsofSungandMing(1368-1644)lookedupon"asifitwereathing."Tohim,principlewasnothingbuttheorderofthings,andbythingsheunderstood"dailyaffairssuchas
