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1、7thebehavioralcritiqueofwalrasianwelfareeconomicsUtilitycannotbedivorcedfromemotion,andemotionsaretriggeredbychanges.Atheoryofchoicethatcompletelyignoresfeelingssuchasthepainoflossesandtheregretofmistakesisnotonlydescriptivelyunrealistic,italsoleadstoprescriptionsth
2、atdonotmaximizetheutilityofoutcomesastheyareactuallyexperienced.—DanielKahneman,“MapsofBoundedRationality:PsychologyforBehavioralEconomics,”AmericanEconomicReview93(5)(2003),1457Formidablecriticismsofthebehavioralassumptionsofeconomictheoryhavebeenmadeforacenturyorm
3、ore.ThorsteinVeblenwrotethiseloquentpara-graphabouteconomicmanin1898.Thehedonisticconceptionofmanisthatofalightningcalculatorofpleasuresandpain,whooscillateslikeahomogeneousglobuleofdesireofhappinessundertheimpulseofstimulithatshiἀhimaboutthearea,butleavehimintact.H
4、ehasneitherantecedentnorconsequence.Heisanisolated,definitehumandatuminstableequi-libriumexceptforthebuffetsoftheimpingingforcesthatdisplacehiminonedirec-tionoranother.Self-imposedinelementalspace,hespinssymmetricallyabouthisownspiritualaxisuntiltheparallelogramoffo
5、rcesbearsdownuponhim,where-uponhefollowsthelineoftheresultant.Whentheforceoftheimpactisspent,hecomestorest,aself-containedglobuleofdesireasbefore.(Veblen1898,389–391)CriticismslikeVeblen’shavehadlittleeffectonmainstreameconomicspartlybecausetheycanbedismissedas“unsc
6、ientific.”AslongastheargumentsaboutThischapterwasoriginallypublishedinasomewhatdifferentforminJohnM.Gowdy,“BehavioralEconomicsandClimateChangePolicy,”JournalofBehavioralEconomicsandOrganization68(2008),632–644.ReprintedwithpermissionfromElsevierPublishers,Amsterdam.
7、thebehavioralcritique121humanbehaviorarebasedon“armchairtheorizing”andnotempiricalevi-denceaboutactualhumanbehavior,criticismscaneasilybeignored.Butinrecentdecades,behavioralresearchhasfundamentallychangedthefieldofeconomicsbyputtingitonafirmexperimentalbasis.Initse
8、arlydays,behav-ioraleconomicsconcentratedonrevealingvariousshortcomingsofthestan-dardmodelofeconomicchoice.Recently,thefieldhasmovedfromme
