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1、班级_________________姓名_________________学号_________________……………………………………………装订线……………………………………………………常州工学院试卷A卷共2页第2页1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese(60points):1)Designreactioninwhichmostoralloftheatomsyoustartwithendupinthedesiredproductratherthaninwastebyproduct
2、.BarryTrost,achemistatStandfordUniversity,developedthisconcept,whichhetermedatomeconomy.Oneexampleoftheprincipleinactionisanimprovedprocessdesignedin1991formakingthepainrelieveribuprofen,theactiveingredientinthebrandnamedrugsMotrin,Advil,Nuprin,andMedipren.Intheformersix
3、-stepprocessdevelopedinthe1960s,only50%ofthereactantatomsendedupinthedesiredproduct(ibuprofen),and60%endedupinunwantedbyproductsorwastethathadtobedisposedof.Thenewprocessrequiresonlythreestepsandisdesignedinsuchawaythat77%ofthereactantatomsendupintheibuprofen.Thisgreenpr
4、ocesseliminatesmillionsofpoundsofwastechemicalbyproductseveryyear,anditreducesbymillionsofpoundstheamountofreactantsneededtomakeibuprofen.设计反应使得开始时的大多数或者全部原子都能变成目标产物，而不是废的副产品。BarryTrost,史坦福大学的化学家，提出了这个概念，被称作是原子经济。这个原理的实际的例子就是在1991年设计的用于制造止痛药布洛芬的的改进的过程，这种商标药品中的活性成分是Motrin
5、,Advil,Nuprin,andMedipren.以前在60年代开发出来的六个步骤的过程，仅仅只有50%的反应物的原子转变成目标产物（布洛芬），60%最后变成了不需要的副产品或者是必须进行处理的废物。过程只需要三步，是按照77%的反应物原子转化成布洛芬的目的设计的。这样的绿色过程每年可以消除数百万吨化学副产物废料，这样就使得生产布洛芬所需要的原料降低了数百万吨。2)Extractiveandazeotropicdistillationhavethecommonfeaturethatasubstancenotnormallypresen
6、tinthemixturetobeseparatedisdeliberatelyintroducedintothesysteminordertoincreasethedifferenceinvolatilityofthemosthardtoseparatecomponents.Extractivedistillationcanbedefinedasdistillationinthepresenceofasubstancewhichisrelativelynon-volatilecomparedtothecomponentstobesep
7、arated,andwhich,therefore,ischargedcontinuouslynearthetopofthefractionatingtower,sothatanappreciableconcentrationismaintainedonallplatesinthetowerbelowitsentry.Azeotropicdistillationcanbedefinedasdistillationinwhichtheaddedsubstanceformsanazeotropewithoneormoreofthecompo
8、nentsinthefeed,andbyvirtueofthisarepresentonmostoftheplatesinthetoweraboveitsentryatanappreciablelevelo
