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1、Unit13SpeechattheGravesideofKarlMarxOnthe14thofMarch.ataquartertothreeintheafternoon,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes,andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep—butforever.Animmeasurablelosshasbeensustaine
2、dbothbythemilitantproletariatofEuropeandAmerica,andbyhistoricalscience,inthedeathofthisman.Thegapthathasbeenleftbythedepartureofthismightyspiritwillsoonenoughmakeitselffelt.JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature,soMarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhum
3、anhistory,thesimplefact,hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology,thatmankindmustfirstofalleat,drink,haveshelterandclothing,beforeitcanpursuepolitics,science,art,religion,etc；that,therefore,theproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofe
4、conomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestateinstitutions,thelegalconceptions,art,andeventheideasonreligion,ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved,andinthelightofwhichtheymust,therefore,beexplained,insteadofviceversa,ashadhit
5、hertobeenthecase.Butthatisnotall.Markalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoverningthepresentdaycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.Thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinves
6、tigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics,hadbeengropinginthedark.Twosuchdiscoverieswouldbeenoughforonelifetime.Happyisthemantowhomitisgrantedtomakeevenonesuchdiscovery.ButineverysinglefieldwhichMarkinvestigated—andheinvestigatedverymanyfields,noneofthemsup
7、erficially—ineveryfield,eveninthatofmathematics,hemadeindependentdiscoveries.Suchwasthemanofscience.Butthiswasnotevenhalftheman.SciencewasforMarxahistoricallydynamic,revolutionaryforce.Howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsometheoreticalsciencewhosepracti
8、calapplicationperhapsitwasasyetquiteimpossibletoenvisage,heexperiencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthediscoveryinv
