曼昆版宏观经济学ch10 总需求1-建立IS-LM模型.ppt

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1、5FIRMBEHAVIORANDTHEORGANIZATIONOFINDUSTRY13TheCostsofProductionTheMarketForcesofSupplyandDemandSupplyanddemandarethetwowordsthateconomistsusemostoften.Supplyanddemandaretheforcesthatmakemarketeconomieswork.Modernmicroeconomicsisaboutsupply,demand,andmarketequilibrium.WH

2、ATARECOSTS?AccordingtotheLawofSupply:Firmsarewillingtoproduceandsellagreaterquantityofagoodwhenthepriceofthegoodishigh.Thisresultsinasupplycurvethatslopesupward.WHATARECOSTS?TheFirm’sObjectiveTheeconomicgoalofthefirmistomaximizeprofits.MaximumProfitsTotalRevenue,TotalCos

3、t,andProfitTotalRevenueTheamountafirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput.TotalCostThemarketvalueoftheinputsafirmusesinproduction.TotalRevenue,TotalCost,andProfitProfitisthefirm’stotalrevenueminusitstotalcost.Profit=Totalrevenue-TotalcostCostsasOpportunityCostsAfirm’scostofprod

4、uctionincludesalltheopportunitycostsofmakingitsoutputofgoodsandservices.ExplicitandImplicitCostsAfirm’scostofproductionincludeexplicitcostsandimplicitcosts.Explicitcostsareinputcoststhatrequireadirectoutlayofmoneybythefirm.Implicitcostsareinputcoststhatdonotrequireanoutl

5、ayofmoneybythefirm.EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfitEconomistsmeasureafirm’seconomicprofitastotalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcosts.Accountantsmeasuretheaccountingprofitasthefirm’stotalrevenueminusonlythefirm’sexplicitcosts.EconomicProfitversu

6、sAccountingProfitWhentotalrevenueexceedsbothexplicitandimplicitcosts,thefirmearnseconomicprofit.Economicprofitissmallerthanaccountingprofit.Figure1EconomicversusAccountantsCopyright©2004South-WesternRevenueTotalopportunitycostsHowanEconomistViewsaFirmHowanAccountantViews

7、aFirmRevenueEconomicprofitImplicitcostsExplicitcostsExplicitcostsAccountingprofitTable1AProductionFunctionandTotalCost:HungryHelen’sCookieFactoryCopyright©2004South-WesternPRODUCTIONANDCOSTSTheProductionFunctionTheproductionfunctionshowstherelationshipbetweenquantityofin

8、putsusedtomakeagoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgood.TheProductionFunctionMarginalProductThemarginalprod