毕业设计相关外文材料.doc

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1、EstimatingHydropower’sContributiontotheControlofGreenhouseGasEmissionsABSTRACTOneoftheenvironmentaleffectsofhydropoweroperationthatshouldbeevaluatedinlicensingdecisionsisthegeneralbenefittoairquality.Hydropower’scontributiontothereductionofgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsisanincre

2、asinglyimportantcomponentoftheseairqualitybenefits.TheOakRidgeCompetitiveElectricityDispatch(ORCED)computermodelisonemethodthatcanbeusedtoquantifythesebenefits.ORCEDprovidesarelativelysimplemethodthatisapplicableandcost-effectiveandthathasbeensuccessfullyappliedinotherGHGstud

3、ies.ORCEDcanbeusedtocalculatearegion-specificvalueofthecarbonintensityfactor(CIF,kgcarbon/MWh)thatwouldbeassociatedwithlikelyreplacementpower(i.e.,aregionallyrepresentativemixofcoal,gas,andotherenergysources).Theproject’splantfactorandoperationalmode(e.g,baseloadversuspeaking

4、)canalsobeincorporatedintheCIFcalculation.TheresultingparametercanthenbemultipliedbytheenergyoutputofthehydropowerprojectthatisbeinganalyzedtoestimateaCO2emissionvaluethatisavoidedbytheproject’soperation.ValuingEnergyProductionHydropower’scontributiontoGHGemissioncontrolisrel

5、atedtoavoidedemissions(i.e.emissionsthatwouldoccurifhydroelectricityhadtobereplacedbyanotherfossil-fueledenergysource).Theestimationofanappropriatevalueforavoidedemissionsiscomplicated,becausethereisnotasingleequationtocalculatetheemissionsthatarenotproducedathydropowerprojec

6、ts.Thecharacteristicsofavoidedemissionsdependonthetypeofpowerthatisdisplacedbyhydropowergeneration.Ifakilowatt-hourwerenotgeneratedatthehydroplant,whatplantwouldhavegeneratedit?Theanswerdependsonarangeoffactors:thetimeofday,theplantsalreadyonthesystem,theplantsavailable,their

7、variablecosts,thetypeoffueltheyuse,theirefficiencies,eventhetransmissionlossesandconstraints.Thesefactorsareregionallyandseasonallyvariable.GHGMeasurementUnitsAcommonunitformeasuringGHGismetrictonsofcarbon.Althoughcarbonislargelyemittedascarbondioxidegas(CO2)whenitisburned,sm

8、allpercentagesarealsoemittedascarbonmonoxide(CO)andmethane(CH4),whic