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1、医学英语术语学及应用ChapterOneAnEtymological(词源的)StudyofEnglishLanguageIndo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluencesEnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages,averybroadlanguagefamilyincludingmostoftheEuropeanlanguagesspokentoday.Thewordforfathervater(inGerman),pater(inGreek),pedarin(Persian),pater(inLatin
2、),andpitr(inSanskrit)Indo-EuropeanandGermanicInfluencesIncaseoftheword“brother”,itisofsimilarnature.InGreekitisphrater,inLatinfrater,inSanskritbhratar,inFrenchfrereandinGermanbruderOfallthedifferentbranchesinIndo-Europeanfamily,twoareofparamountimportance,theGermanicandtheRomance.Englishisint
3、heGermanicgroupoflanguages.OldEnglish(450-1100)TheAngles,Saxons,andJutesfromnorthernGermany,DenmarkandnorthernHollandinvadedBritishIslesandbegantopopulatethoseareas.Anglo-SaxonsOldEnglish(450-1100)theoriginal,Celtic-speakinginhabitants→outofwhatisknowEngland→Scotland,Wales,CornwallandIreland,
4、leavingbehindafewCelticwords.OldEnglish(450-1100)Theinvader’slanguage,Anglo-Saxon,developedintowhatweknowasOldEnglishwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,andstrongderivefromOldEnglishrootsTheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandy,subsequentlyKingWilliamI,invaded
5、andconqueredEnglandandtheAnglo-Saxonsin1066.TheyspokeadialectofOldFrenchknownasAnglo-Norman.TheNormanswerealsoofGermanicstockandAnglo-NormanwasaFrenchdialectthathadconsiderableGermanicinfluencesinadditiontothebasicLatinroots.TheNormanConquestandMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)TheinfluenceoftheNormans
6、:beefandcowBeef→Anglo-NormanCow→GermanThemixtureofthetwolanguages:MiddleEnglishEarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)ThenextwaveofinnovationinEnglishcamewiththeRenaissance.ManyclassicalLatinandGreekwordswerebroughtintotheLanguage:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,andmusicWilliamShakespeareLa
7、teModernEnglish(1800-Present)TheprincipaldistinctionbetweenEarlyModernEnglishandLatemodernEnglishisvocabulary.Twohistoricalfactors:IndustrialRevolutionandtheBritishEmpireNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greekroots)LateModernEngl
