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1、EnergyConversionandManagement62(2012)123–130ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectEnergyConversionandManagementjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/enconmanMulti-sourcesmodelandcontrolalgorithmofanenergymanagementsystemforlightelectricvehiclesa,⇑a,baM.A.Hannan,F.A.Azidin,A.Mohame
2、daDept.ofElectrical,Electronic&SystemsEngineering,UniversitiKebangsaanMalaysia,43600Bangi,Selangor,MalaysiabUniversitiTeknikalMalaysiaMelaka,HangTuahJaya,76109DurianTunggal,Melaka,MalaysiaarticleinfoabstractArticlehistory:Thispaperpresentsthemulti-sourcesenergymodelsandruledbasedfeedbackco
3、ntrolalgorithmofanReceived4November2011energymanagementsystem(EMS)forlightelectricvehicle(LEV),i.e.,scooters.ThemultiplesourcesofReceivedinrevisedform1April2012energy,suchasabattery,fuelcell(FC)andsuper-capacitor(SC),EMSandpowercontroller,DCmachineAccepted1April2012andvehicledynamicsaredes
4、ignedandmodeledusingMATLAB/SIMULINK.Thedevelopedcontrolstrat-Availableonline26June2012egiescontinuouslysupporttheEMSofthemultiplesourcesofenergyforascooterundernormalandheavypowerloadconditions.TheperformanceoftheproposedsystemisanalyzedandcomparedwithKeywords:thatoftheECE-47testdrivecycle
5、intermsofvehiclespeedandloadpower.TheresultsshowthattheFuelcelldesignedvehicle’sspeedandloadpowercloselymatchthoseoftheECE-47testdrivingcycleundernor-BatterySuper-capacitorsmalandheavyloadconditions.Thisstudy’sresultssuggestthattheproposedcontrolalgorithmprovidesControlstateanefficientandfe
6、asibleEMSforLEV.EnergymanagementsystemÓ2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionPowersharingandhybridizationofFC,battery,SCfromlitera-turereview[6–8]showsthatcontrolsstrategiesplayavitalroleIncreasingoilpricesduetooildepletion,globalwarmingandinimprovingvehicleperformanceandefficienc
7、y.Itcoordinatestheintroductionofcompulsorystandardgasemissionsincitiesthepowersourcestosecuretheelectricalflowofthesystem.Inhavehadatremendousimpactonthedevelopmentofnewtrans-addition,studyofvariousdrivetrainsystemssuchasseries,paral-portationstechnologies[1].I
