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1、DevelopingCountriesandPollutionIndustrialpollutionisamorecomplicatedproblemindevelopingcountriesthanindevelopedeconomies.Therearegreaterstructuralobstaclestopreventingandcleaninguppollution.Theseobstaclesarelargelyeconomic,becausedevelopingcountriesdono
2、thavetheresourcestocontrolpollutiontotheextentthatdevelopedcountriescan.Ontheotherhand,theeffectsofpollutionmaybeverycostlytoadevelopingsociety,intermsofhealth,waste,environmentaldegradation,reducedqualityoflifeandclean-upcostsinthefuture.Anextremeexamp
3、leisconcernforthefutureofchildrenexposedtoleadinsomemegacitiesincountrieswhereleadedgasolineisstillused,orinthevicinityofsmelters.Someofthesechildrenhavebeenfoundtohavebloodleadlevelshighenoughtoimpairintelligenceandcognition.Industryindevelopingcountri
4、esusuallyoperatesshortofcapitalcomparedtoindustryindevelopedcountries,andthoseinvestmentfundsthatareavailablearefirstputintotheequipmentandresourcesnecessaryforproduction.Capitalthatisappliedtowardcontrolofpollutionisconsidered“unproductive”byeconomists
5、becausesuchinvestmentdoesnotleadtoincreasedproductionandfinancialreturn.However,therealityismorecomplicated.Investmentincontrolofpollutionmaynotbringanobviousdirectreturnoninvestmenttothecompanyorindustry,butthatdoesnotmeanthatthereisnoreturnoninvestmen
6、t.Inmanycases,asinanoilrefinery,controlofpollutionalsoreducestheamountofwastageandincreasestheefficiencyoftheoperationsothatthecompanydoesbenefitdirectly.Wherepublicopinioncarriesweightanditistotheadvantageofacompanytomaintaingoodpublicrelations,industr
7、ymaymakeanefforttocontrolpollutioninitsowninterest.Unfortunately,thesocialstructureinmanydevelopingcountriesdoesnotfavourthisbecausethepeoplemostnegativelyaffectedbypollutiontendtobethosewhoareimpoverishedandmarginalizedinsociety.Pollutionmaydamagetheen
8、vironmentandsocietyasawhole,buttheseare“externalizeddis-economies”thatdonotsubstantiallyhurtthecompanyitself,atleastnoteconomically.Instead,thecostsofpollutiontendtobecarriedbysocietyasawhole,andthecompanyissparedthecosts.Thisisp
