《儿童认识世界的方式》Children’sway

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1、Children’swayPreschooleducationInmanywayschildrenlive,asitwas,inadifferentworldfromadults.Ataleon“fish-cow”AnstrangeanimalLargebodyTwohornsinitsheadBlack-and-whitespottedonitsbodyEatgrassHasfourstoutlegsandbigbreastsAnimageofacowcameintothefish’smind……Whomadethemistake?Manypeopleseemtooverloo

2、ksomething,somebasicfactsthat……Thechildren’sintelligencedevelopsthroughtheirphysicalinteractionswiththeenvironment.Achildwillpickupatoyinordertoputitinhisorhermouth.Childrenrecognisehowtheycanmanipulateobjects(i.e.shakingarattletomakeanoise)andthenachieveanunderstandingofobjectpermanence(客体永久

3、).Childrenoftenimitate（模仿）theobservedbehaviorofothers.Theyareabletouseanobjecttorepresentsomethingelse,suchaspretendingabroom(扫帚)asahorse.Roleplaying（角色游戏）isimportantforthem.Oneofthefamousexperimentisthethree-dimensionaldisplayofamountainscene(三山实验)：Childrenareaskedtoselectapictureshowingwhat

4、someoneelsewouldhaveobservedwhenlookingatthemountainfromadifferentviewpoint.Theyalmostalwayschoosethesceneshowingtheirownviewofthemountainscene.Childrenareunabletotakeonanotherperson’sperspective，theyareegocentric(自我中心主义)。Childrencannotawarethatactionscanbereversed（可逆的）untilthereare6.Whenaska

5、child…“Doyouhaveasister?”“yes”,heorsheanswer.“Whatishername?”“Mary!”Then“DoesMaryhasasister?”“No!”Fewchildrenshowanyunderstandingofconservation（守恒）priortotheageof5.Equalamountsofliquidarepouredintotwoidenticalcontainers.Theliquidinonecontaineristhenpouredintoadifferentshapedcup,suchasatalland

6、thincup.Childrenarethenaskedwhichcupholdsthemostliquid.Theyalmostalwayschoosethecupthatappearsfuller.Relyingsolelyonpreviousexperiences(已有经验),childrenarehardtoconsiderpossibleoutcomesandconsequencesofactions.Childrenhavepoeticlogic（诗性逻辑），buthavedifficultyusinginductivelogic(归纳逻辑)ordeductivelo

7、gic(演绎逻辑).TheHundredLanguagesofChildrenLorisMalaguzziNoway.Thehundredisthere.Thechildismadeofonehundred.Thechildhasahundredlanguagesahundredhandsahundredthoughtsahundredwaysofthinkingofplaying,ofspeaking.ahundred,alwaysahundredwaysoflistening