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1、Unit10DiogenesandAlexander(left)Alexander;(right)GordianKnotAlexandertheGreatAbrillianttacticianandleader,butcouldalsoberuthlessandcruelSleepwithIliadunderhispillow,identifyhimselfwithAchillesWaragainstPersiain334BC:Troy→Egypt→Babylon→defeatedPersiankin
2、gDariusandMarriedthePersianprincess→India→diedoffeverPlato,ancientGreekphilosopherAcademy,nearAthens,themostinfluentialschooloftheancientworld,AristotlebeinghisfamouspupilHisworkisintheformofepistles(letters)anddialoguesEarlyworks:theApology,presentingS
3、ocratesinconversationsthatillustratehismajorideas--theunityofvirtueandknowledgeandofvirtueandhappinessMiddleworks:theRepublic,discussingtherelationshipbetweenthesoul,thestate,andthecosmosLaterworks:theLawsandParmenides,containingtreatisesonlaw,mathemati
4、cs,technicalphilosophicproblems,andnaturalsciencePlato’sTeachingPlatoregardedtherationalsoulasimmortal,andhebelievedinaworldsoulandaDemiurge造物主,thecreatorofthephysicalworld.HearguedfortheindependentrealityofIdeas,orForms,astheimmutablearchetypesofalltem
5、poralphenomenaandastheonlyguaranteeofethicalstandardsandofobjectivescientificknowledge.VirtueconsistsintheharmonyofthehumansoulwiththeuniverseofIdeas,whichassureorder,intelligence,andpatterntoaworldinconstantflux.SupremeamongthemistheIdeaoftheGood,analo
6、goustothesuninthephysicalworld.Onlythephilosopher,whounderstandstheharmonyofallpartsoftheuniversewiththeIdeaoftheGood,iscapableofrulingthejuststate.Aristotle,ancientGreekphilosopherAttheageofeighteenAristotlecametoAthensfromMacedoniainthenorthforthepurp
7、oseofstudyingwithPlato.Althoughhewasanoriginalthinkerwhomadegreatcontributionsofhisown,heremainedastudentinPlato'sAcademyfortwentyyears.hisownschoolLyceumanoriginalanddeepthinker,anobserver,anorganizer,asystematizerofknowledge.Helaidthefoundationofallsc
8、iencesandphilosophiesbydefiningandclassifyingthevariousbranchesofknowledge:Psychology,Metaphysics,Politics,RhetoricandLogic.Hercules(Romanname);Heracles(Greekname)Aheronotedforhisstrengthandcourageand12laborsAsababy,strangletwose
