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1、外文翻译DoReformsLevelUporDumbDown?MaterialSource:http://econpapers.hhs.se/article/Author:ThomasA.Downes&DavidN.Figlio.Duringthelate1970sandearly1980s,amajorityofstatessubstantiallychangedthewaysinwhichschoolswerefunded,eitherdirectlythroughcourt-orlegislativelymandatedsc
2、hoolfinancereform,orindirectlythroughtaxandexpenditurelimits.Todate,therehavebeenfewacademicattemptstogaugetheeffectsofthesepolicychangesonactualoutcomesofeducation.Thispaperisanattempttofillthisgapintheliterature.Wefindcompellingevidencethattheimpositionoftaxorexpend
3、iturelimitsonlocalgovernmentsinastateresultsinasignificantreductioninthemeanforthatstateofstudentperformanceonstandardizedtestsofmathematicsskills.Wealsofindthatfinancereformsinresponsetocourtmandatesdonotresultinsignificantchangesineitherthemeanlevelorthedistribution
4、ofstudentperformanceonstandardizedtestsofreadingandmathematics.Inaddition,substantialfinancereformsthatarenotlegislativeresponsestoexplicitcourtmandatesgenerallyresultinincreasesinmeanstudentperformance.Further,inthosestatesthathaveimplementedfinancereformsofthistype,
5、thetestperformanceofstudentsresidinginlocalitiesinwhichlocalrevenuesformedsmallersharesoftotalrevenuepriortothereformsimproverelativetoothersafterthereformsareimplemented.Historically,localcontrolofpubliceducationhasmeantthatperpupilfundingandschoolqualitywerecloselyr
6、elatedtothewealthinthelocalityandtothedemographiccharacteristicsofthelocality.Inthepasttwodecades,policychangesoftwodistinctkindshaveweakenedthisrelationship.First,partlyinresponsetotheperceptionthatpropertytaxburdenshavebecomeincreasinglyonerous,propertytaxlimitshave
7、beenpassed,eitherbylegislationorvoterinitiative,intwentystates.Second,statesupremecourtsinanumberofstates,mostrecentlyOhio,Vermont,andNewJersey,haveinvalidatedtheexistingsystemofschoolfinanceindecisionsthathavehighlightedthefactthatequalizationaidhasnotaccomplishedthe
8、goalofequalizingeducationalopportunities.Whilethesepolicychangeshavelessenedthe10relianceonpropertytaxesasasourceofschoolfun
