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1、AgeofReverseAid:Neo-liberalismasCatalystofRegressionJamesPetrasandHenryVeltmeyerINTRODUCTIONFromtheoutsetthestudyofinternationaleconomicdevelopmenthasbeencloselytiedtoquestionsabouttheneedfor,andthepotentialcontributionsof,whathasbecomeknownas`overseasdevelopmentassistance'(ODA)or,in
2、morecommonparlance,`foreignaid'.Connectedtothecentralquestionthathasbeenraisedintheliteratureaboutthelinkbetweendevelopmentandaidarequestionsaboutthemotivationsbehindthegivingofaid,thelinkbetweenaidandpoliticalpower,andevaluationsastothepositiveandnegativebenefitstorecipients.Withint
3、hedebatesthathavesurrounded1theseandothersuchquestions,twoanalyticalperspectivescanbedis-tinguished,eachwithnumerouspermutations,onebasedonwhatcouldbetermedrealism,theotheridealism.Inaddition,thereisalessscientific,moreideologicaltradition,withlittlereferencemadetosubstantiveempirica
4、lfindingsortheneedtoexplainthedynamicsofODA.Inthistraditionthediscourseonforeignaidtakestheformnotsomuchofdescriptionandexplanationaspolicyprescription,focusinglessondonormotivationsorthepoliticsofaid,andmoreonprogramme/projectobjectivesandpresumedbenefitstorecipientcountries.Suchwor
5、kstendtoreferonlylooselytotheanalyticalorevaluativeliterature,andthenonlytoseekjustificationforprescribedpolicies.ItisinthistraditionthatwewouldplacetheessayofJanPronkinarecentissueofDevelopmentandChange(Pronk,2001),althoughhisideasandtheoreticalperspectivearesuggestiveofbothidealism
6、andstructuralism.InthistraditionwealsofindcountlesspositionpapersthatrehearsethefamiliarlitanyofWorldBank(andIMF)doctrine:that`all1.Thereareotherissuesthatareperiodicallyaddressedintheliterature.Theyincludequestionsastowhereandhowaidshouldbeallocated,therelativemeritsof(micro)project
7、versus(macro)programmeaid,theso-called`fungibility'ofaid,andquestionsastothemostappropriateoreffectiveagency,partnerships,etc.However,theseandothersuchquestions(see,forexample,Chenery,1967;CheneryandCarter,1973;LittleandClifford,1969;Singer,1965)generallydonotarousemuchdebateorcontro
8、versy.Develo
