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1、MarkTwainMarkTwain(1835–19l0)isagreatliterarygiantofAmerica,whomH.L.Menckenconsidered“thetruefatherofournationalliterature.”WithworkslikeAdventureofHuckleberryFinn(1884)andLifeontheMississippi(1883)Twainshapedtheworld’sviewofAmericaandmadeamoreextensivecombination
2、ofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliteraturethanpreviouswritershadeverdone.1.BriefIntroductiontotheAuthorMarkTwain,PennameofSamuelLanghorneClemens,wasbornonNovember30,1835,inMissouri,andgrewupintherivertownofHannibal.Afterhisfatherdied,hebegantoseekhisownfortune.Heonce
3、workedasajourneymanprinter,asteamboatpilot,anewspapercolunistandasadeadpanlecturer.Twain’swritingtooktheformofhumorousjournalismofthetime,anditennabledhimtomasterthetechniqueofnarration.TwaingrewupinHannibal,Missouri,whichprovidedthesettingforHuckleberryFinnandTom
4、Sawyer.Afteranapprenticeshipwithaprinter,heworkedasatypesetterandcontributedarticlestohisolderbrotherOrion’snewspaper.HelaterbecameariverboatpilotontheMississippiRiverbeforeheadingwesttojoinOrioninNevada.Hereferredhumorouslytohissingularlackofsuccessatmining,turni
5、ngtojournalismfortheVirginiaCityTerritorialEnterprise.In1865,hishumorousstory,“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”waspublished,basedonastoryheheardatAngelsHotelinAngelsCampCaliforniawherehehadspentsometimeasaminer.Theshortstorybroughtinternationalattention,
6、evenbeingtranslatedtoclassicGreek.Hiswitandsatire,inproseandinspeech,earnedpraisefromcriticsandpeers,andhewasafriendtopresidents,artists,industrialists,andEuropeanroyalty.ThoughTwainearnedagreatdealofmoneyfromhiswritingsandlectures,heinvestedinventuresthatlostagre
7、atdealofmoney,notablythePaigeCompositor,whichfailedbecauseofitscomplexityandimprecision.Inthewakeofthesefinancialsetbackshefiledforprotectionfromhiscreditorsviaabankruptcyfiling,andwiththehelpofHenryHuttlestonRogerseventuallyovercamehisfinancialtroubles.Twainchose
8、topayallhispre-bankruptcycreditorsinfull,thoughhehadnoresponsibilitytodothisunderthelaw.TwainwasbornshortlyafteravisitbyHalley’sComet,andhepredictedthat
