资源描述：
《individualism-collectivism and social capital 》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、10.1177/0022022103260381JOURNALOFCROSS-CULTURALPSYCHOLOGYINDIVIDUALISMANDSOCIALCAPITALARTICLEINDIVIDUALISM-COLLECTIVISMANDSOCIALCAPITALJÜRIALLIKANUREALOUniversityofTartu,EstoniaManysocialscientistshavepredictedthatoneinevitableconsequenceofmodernizationis
2、theunlimitedgrowthofindividualism,whichposesseriousthreatstotheorganicunityofsociety.Othershavearguedthatautonomyandindependencearenecessaryconditionsforthedevelopmentofinterpersonalcooperationandsocialsolidarity.Wereanalyzedavailabledataontherelationship
3、betweenindividualism-collectivismandsocialcapitalwithinonecountry(theUnitedStates)andacross42countries.InAmerica,thestateswithahighlevelofsocialcapital(higherdegreeofcivicengagementinpoliticalactivity,wherepeoplespendmoretimewiththeirfriendsandbelievethat
4、mostpeoplecanbetrusted)werefoundtobemoreindividualistic.Acorrespondinglystrongassociationbetweenindividualismandsocialcapitalwasobservedinthecompari-sonofdifferentcountries.TheseresultssupportDurkheim’sviewthatwhenindividualsbecomemoreauton-omousandseemin
5、glyliberatedfromsocialbonds,theyactuallybecomeevenmoredependentonsociety.Keywords:individualism;collectivism;socialcapitalThequestionthathasbeenthestartingpointforourstudyhasbeenthatoftheconnec-tionbetweentheindividualpersonalityandsocialsolidarity.Howdoe
6、sitcomeaboutthattheindividual,whilstbecomingmoreautonomous,dependsevermorecloselyuponsociety?Howcanhebecomeatthesametimemoreofanindividualandyetmorelinkedtosociety?—Durkheim(1893/1984)EMERGENCEOFINDIVIDUALISMInpreindustrial,traditionalsocieties,whichhavee
7、xistedduringthelongestperiodofhumanhistory,individualswhoconstitutedthesesocietieslackedautonomy;theywerealmostcompletelysubordinatedtothesocietyasawhole.Inpreagriculturalsocieties,whichwerecomposedmostlyofhuntersandgatherers,therewaslittledifferentiation
8、betweenthegroup,theindividual,andnature.Theywerequiteegalitarian,withminimalsocialdifferen-tiationanddivisionoflabor,andtheyalmostcompletelylackedconceptionsofseparateandunifiedselfhood(Westen,1985).Suchtraditionals
