Capitalism ’s Assault on the’s Assault on the Indian Caste System

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1、PolicyAnalysisJuly21,2015Number776Capitalism’sAssaultontheIndianCasteSystemHowEconomicLiberalizationSpawnedLow-casteDalitMillionairesBySwaminathanS.AnklesariaAiyarEXECUTIVESUMMARYalits—oncecalleduntouchables—con-owningbrickhousesupfrom38percentto94percent,stituteone-sixthofIndia’spopu

2、lation.theproportionrunningtheirownbusinessesupfromTheytraditionallyoccupiedthebottom6percentto36.7percent,andtheproportionowningDofthecastehierarchy,inthefilthiestcellphonesupfromzerotoone-third.TheDalitIndianoccupations—cleaningtoilets,crematingChamberofCommerceandIndustrynowboastso

3、foverthedead,andhandlingdeadanimals.Thesejobsensured3,000member-millionaires.Theformerserfshavenowrampantdiseaseandearlydeath.Touchingthedalitswasbecomebosseshiringupper-casteworkers.taboofortheuppercastes.ThearrivalofthecompetitivemarketanditscreativeWhenIndiabecameindependentin1947,

4、itsliberaldestructionbrokeoldcastebondsandfacilitatedtheconstitutionbannedcastediscriminationandreservedshiftofdalitstonewoccupations.India’ssocialistpoli-seatsfordalitsinthelegislatures,governmentservices,ciesachievedonly3.5percentannualgrowthfordecades.andsomeeducationalinstitutions

5、.ThesereservationsLicencesandpermitswererequiredforalleconomicac-createdathinuppercrustofdalitsinpoliticsandgovern-tivity.Upper-castenetworksmonopolizedtheseandkeptmentservices.Butcastediscriminationremainedwide-dalitsout.Butthe1991economicreformsdismantledspreadandsavage,especiallyin

6、ruralIndia.controls,acceleratinggrowthandcompetition.FierceHowever,majorchangesweresparkedbyeconomiccompetitionsoonensuredthatthepriceofasupplierreformsin1991,openingupaonce-closedeconomy.matteredmorethanhiscaste.ThiscreatedopeningsforDalitshaveincreasinglymanagedtogetoutoftheirhis-da

7、litentrepreneurs,whowereabletocracktraditionaltoricaloccupationsandmoveintonewones.Onedistrictupper-castemonopolies.ThedalitrevolutionisstillinitssurveyinUttarPradeshshowstheproportionofdalitsearlystages,butisunstoppable.SwaminathanS.AnklesariaAiyarisaresearchfellowattheCatoInstitute’

8、sCent