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1、Earlymodelsofthegeographyofthemetropoliswereunicellular:thatis,theyassumedthattheentireurbandistrictwouldnormallybedominatedbyasinglecentraldistrict,aroundwhichthevariouseconomicfunctionsofthecommunitywouldbefocused.Thiscentralbusinessdistrict(CBD)isthesourceofso-calledhigh-ordergoodsandserv
2、ices,whichcanmostefficientlybeprovidedfromacentrallocationratherthanfromnumerouswidelydispersedlocations.Thus,retailersofinfrequentlyandirregularlypurchasedgoods,suchasfurcoats,jewelry,andantiquefurniture,andspecializedserviceoutlets(amarketforacommodity),suchastheaters,advertisingagencies,l
3、awfirms,andgovernmentagencies,willgenerallybefoundintheCBD.Bycontrast,lesscostly,morefrequentlydemandedgoods,suchasgroceriesandhousewares,andlow-orderservices,suchasshoerepairandhairdressing,willbeavailableatmanysmall,widelyscatteredoutletsthroughoutthemetropolis.Boththeconcentric-ringmodelo
4、fthemetropolis,firstdevelopedinChicagointhelatenineteenthcentury,andthesectormodel,closelyassociatedwiththeworkofHomerHoytinthe1930s,maketheCBDthefocalpoint(focalpoint:焦点)ofthemetropolis.Theconcentric-ringmodelassumesthatthevaryingdegreesofneedfor(needfor:需要...)accessibilitytotheCBDofvarious
5、kindsofeconomicentitieswillbethemaindeterminantoftheirlocation.Thus,wholesaleandmanufacturingfirms,whichneedeasyaccessibilitytothespecializedlegal,financial,andgovernmentalservicesprovidedintheCBD,willnormallybelocatedjustoutsidetheCBDitself.Residentialareaswilloccupytheouterringsofthemodel,
6、withlow-incomegroupsresidingintherelativelycrowdedolderhousingclosetothebusinesszoneandhigh-incomegroupsoccupyingtheoutermostring,inthemorespacious,newerresidentialareasbuiltupthroughurbanexpansion.HomerHoyt’ssectormodelisamodifiedversionoftheconcentric-ringmodel.Recognizingtheinfluenceofear
7、lyestablishedpatternsofgeographicdistributiononthelatergrowthofthecity,Hoytdevelopedtheconceptofdirectionalinertia.AccordingtoHoyt,customandsocialpressurestendtoperpetuatelocationalpatternswithinthecity.Thus,ifaparticularpartofthecity(say,theeastsi
