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《【素材】M2 文章 Developing Countries and Pollution（外研社）》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、DevelopingCountriesandPollutionIndustrialpollutionisamorecomplicatedproblemindevelopingcountriesthanindevelopedeconomies.Therearegreaterstructuralobstaclestopreventingandcleaninguppollution.Theseobstaclesarelargelyeconomic,becausedevelopingcountriesdonothavetheresourcestocontrolpollutiontotheextent
2、thatdevelopedcountriescan.Ontheotherhand,theeffectsofpollutionmaybeverycostlytoadevelopingsociety,intermsofhealth,waste,environmentaldegradation,reducedqualityoflifeandclean-upcostsinthefuture.Anextremeexampleisconcernforthefutureofchildrenexposedtoleadinsomemegacitiesincountrieswhereleadedgasoline
3、isstillused,orinthevicinityofsmelters.Someofthesechildrenhavebeenfoundtohavebloodleadlevelshighenoughtoimpairintelligenceandcognition.Industryindevelopingcountriesusuallyoperatesshortofcapitalcomparedtoindustryindevelopedcountries,andthoseinvestmentfundsthatareavailablearefirstputintotheequipmentan
4、dresourcesnecessaryforproduction.Capitalthatisappliedtowardcontrolofpollutionisconsidered“unproductive”byeconomistsbecausesuchinvestmentdoesnotleadtoincreasedproductionandfinancialreturn.However,therealityismorecomplicated.Investmentincontrolofpollutionmaynotbringanobviousdirectreturnoninvestmentto
5、thecompanyorindustry,butthatdoesnotmeanthatthereisnoreturnoninvestment.Inmanycases,asinanoilrefinery,controlofpollutionalsoreducestheamountofwastageandincreasestheefficiencyoftheoperationsothatthecompanydoesbenefitdirectly.Wherepublicopinioncarriesweightanditistotheadvantageofacompanytomaintaingood
6、publicrelations,industrymaymakeanefforttocontrolpollutioninitsowninterest.Unfortunately,thesocialstructureinmanydevelopingcountriesdoesnotfavourthisbecausethepeoplemostnegativelyaffectedbypollutiontendtobethosewhoareimpoverishedandmarginalizedinsociety.Pollutionmaydamagetheenvironmentandsocietyasaw
7、hole,buttheseare“externalizeddis-economies”thatdonotsubstantiallyhurtthecompanyitself,atleastnoteconomically.Instead,thecostsofpollutiontendtobecarriedbysocietyasawhole,andthecompanyissparedthecosts.Thisisp
