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1、contents&contextTheserulesgoverntheconductofallcivilactionsbroughtinFederaldistrictcourts.Whiletheydonotapplytosuitsinstatecourts,therulesofmanystateshavebeencloselymodeledontheseprovisions.FederalRulesofCivilProcedure(2006)(incorporatingtherevisionsthattoo
2、keffectDec.1,2006)I.SCOPEOFRULES--ONEFORMOFACTIONRule1.-ScopeandPurposeofRulesTheserulesgoverntheprocedureintheUnitedStatesdistrictcourtsinallsuitsofacivilnaturewhethercognizable（a.可认识的）ascasesatlaworinequity（n.权益，产权，股本；证券n.公平,公正）orinadmiralty（n.(英)海军部）,wit
3、htheexceptionsstatedinRule81.Theyshallbeconstrued（v.解释,翻译vt.解释）andadministered（v.管理,治理,执行）tosecurethejust,speedy,andinexpensivedeterminationofeveryaction.Rule2.OneFormofActionThereshallbeoneformofactiontobeknownas"civilaction."II.COMMENCEMENT（n.开始,毕业典礼）OFAC
4、TION;SERVICEOFPROCESS,PLEADINGS,MOTIONS,ANDORDERSRule3.CommencementofActionAcivilactioniscommencedbyfilingacomplaintwiththecourt.Rule4.Summons(a)Form.Thesummonsshallbesignedbytheclerk,bearthesealofthecourt,identifythecourtandtheparties,bedirectedtothedefend
5、ant,andstatethenameandaddressoftheplaintiff'sattorneyor,ifunrepresented,oftheplaintiff.Itshallalsostatethetimewithinwhichthedefendantmustappearanddefend,andnotifythedefendantthatfailuretodosowillresultinajudgmentbydefaultagainstthedefendantforthereliefdeman
6、dedinthecomplaint.Thecourtmayallowasummonstobeamended.(b)Issuance（发行,发出）Uponorafterfilingthecomplaint,theplaintiffmaypresentasummonstotheclerkforsignatureandseal.Ifthesummonsisinproperform,theclerkshallsign,seal,andissueittotheplaintiffforserviceonthedefend
7、ant.Asummons,oracopyofthesummonsifaddressedtomultiple（a.多样的,多重的）defendants,shallbeissuedforeachdefendanttobeserved.(c)ServicewithComplaint;byWhomMade.(1)Asummonsshallbeservedtogetherwithacopyofthecomplaint.Theplaintiffisresponsibleforserviceofasummonsandcom
8、plaintwithinthetimeallowedundersubdivision(m)andshallfurnishthepersoneffectingservicewiththenecessarycopiesofthesummonsandcomplaint.(2)Servicemaybeeffectedbyanypersonwhoisnotapartyandwhoisatleast18year
