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1、EnglishGrammar:Thesentence1ThesentenceSentencewordorder1.1InflectedanduninflectedlanguagesManymodernEuropeanlanguagesareinflected.Inflectedlanguagesusuallyhavethefollowingcharacteristics:1Nounshaveendingswhichchangedependingonwhethertheyare,forexample,thesubjectorobjectofaverb.2Therearecomplexagre
2、ementsbetweenarticles,adjectivesandnounstoemphasizethefactthatanounis,forexample,subjectorobject,masculineorfeminine,singularorplural.Themoreinflectedalanguageis(forexample,GermanorGreek),themorecomplexitssystemofendings('inflexions').3Verbs'conjugate',sothatitisimmediatelyobviousfromtheendingswhi
3、ch'person'(first,second,third)isreferredtoandwhetherthe'person'issingularorplural.EnglishwasaninflectedlanguageuptotheMiddleAges,butthemodernlanguageretainsveryfewinflexions.Somesurvive,likethegenitivecaseine.g.lady'shandbagwhereladyrequires'stoshowsingularpossession,orlikethethirdpersoninthesimpl
4、epresenttense(Iwork-He/She/Itworks)wherethe-sendingidentifiesthethirdperson,orinthecomparativeandsuperlativeformsofmanyadjectives(nice,nicer,nicest).ThereareonlysixwordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavedifferentsubjectandobjectforms:I/me,he/him,she/her,we/us,they/themandwho/whom.Thislackofinflexionsin
5、Englishtemptssomepeopletoobserve(quitewrongly)thatthelanguagehas'hardlyanygrammar'.ItwouldbemoreaccuratetosaythatEnglishnolongerhasagrammarlikethatofLatinorGerman,butithascertainlyevolvedagrammarofitsown,asthisbooktestifies.Ininflectedlanguageswedonotdependonthewordordertounderstandwhichnounisthes
6、ubjectofasentenceandwhichistheobject:theendingstellusimmediately.InEnglish,theorderofwordsisessentialtothemeaningofasentence.Wehavetodistinguishcarefullybetweenthesubject-groupandtheverb-group(orpredicate).Thepredicateiswhatissaidaboutthesubject,i.e.itisallthewordsinasentenceexceptthesubject:subje
7、ctgroupverbgroup(predicate)Thedogbittheman,Themanbitthedog.Astheseexamplesshow,achangeinwordorderbringswithitafundamentalchangeinmeaning,whichwouldnotbethecaseifthenounshadendings.ThismeansthatEnglishisfarlessfle
