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1、GrammaticalComplexity OfSymbolicSequences: ABriefIntroductonBailinHaoT-LifeResearchCenter,FudanUniversityInstituteofTheoreticalPhysics,AcademiaSinicaTheSantaFeInstitute,NewMexico,USAhttp://www.itp.ac.cn/~hao/ThreeParadigmsinTheoretical DescriptionofNatureDeterm
2、inistic:basedonperiodicitiesandrecurrences,fromKeplertoYang-MillsStochastic:basedonrandomness,fromBrownianmotiontoMSRfieldtheoryofhydrodynamicsandmolecularmotorsFractal,self-similar,scaleinvariant:fromphasetransitionsandcriticalphenomenatochaoticdynamicsFiniten
3、essistheunifyingPhysics:languages语言学（language而非philology）方法统计语言学“字”的频度和关联Zipf定律代数语言学：生成语法和语法复杂性串行生成：Chomsky体系平行生成：Lindenmayer体系（来自发育生物学）可因式化语言(Factorizablelanguage)自然语言与遗传语言相似处：多义性冗余度容错和纠错长程关联均基于离散的排列组合系统有某些语法，但不能完全生成方言、个体差异性演化、突变、灭绝历史“垃圾”、古语、“化石”外来语、横向交换相异处：标点
4、符号和间隔不同两种语言的相互作用二维、三维的相互作用重复序列的数目和作用AnObservationudcsbtcharge,mass,flavor,charm,…pnecharge,mass,spin,magneticmomentum,…HCNOP…atomicnumber,ionradius,valence,affinity,…H2ONOCO2…molecularweight,polarity,…acgtADEFGH…WYVBRCA1PDGFAPROGRAMME:Coarse-GrainedDescriptiono
5、fNatureUseofSymbolsandSymbolicStringsLanguageGrammarandComplexity(Chomsky,Lindenmayer,etc.)SofarthisprogrammehasbeenbestrealizedinthestudyofdynamicsbyusingSymbolicDynamics.Therehavebeenpreliminaryattemptsinanalyzingbiologicalsequences.Itmaynotbeacoincidencethat
6、thetwosystemsintheuniversethatmostimpressuswiththeiropen-endedcomplexdesign—lifeandmind—arebasedondiscretecombinatorialsystems.Manybiologistsbelievethatifinheritancewerenotdiscrete,evolutionasweknowitcouldnothavetakenplace.S.Pinker,TheLanguageInstinct(1995)Simp
7、leExamplesAtthelevelofwords:DOGGODAtsentencelevel:DogbitesManManbitesDogNCEGF(EpidermalGF)NCChymotrypsin(胰凝乳蛋白酶)NCUrokinase(UK)(尿激酶)NCFactorIX(凝血因子IX,X-mas抗血友病因子)NCPlasminogen(纤维蛋白融酶原)几种丝氨酸蛋白酶的domain组合B.Alberts等，Mol.BiologyoftheCell第三版1994.P.123Ca结合蛋白含3个-s-s-GC
8、语法复杂性字母表例1.={a,c,g,t}例2.={A,C,D…W,Y}例3.={a,…z,A,…Z,+,–,…}字母表中各种字母组成的一切字母串（包括空串）**的任何子集是基于的一种语言语法={字母表，初始字母，产生规则}基于该语法的语言ClassificationofFormalLanguagesChomskyHierarch
