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1、ThinkComplexityAllenB.DowneyBeijing•Cambridge•Farnham•Köln•Sebastopol•TokyoThinkComplexitybyAllenB.DowneyCopyright©2012AllenDowney.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.PublishedbyO’ReillyMedia,Inc.,1005GravensteinHighwayNorth,Sebastopo
2、l,CA95472.O’Reillybooksmaybepurchasedforeducational,business,orsalespromotionaluse.Onlineeditionsarealsoavailableformosttitles(http://my.safaribooksonline.com).Formoreinformation,contactourcorporate/institutionalsalesdepartment:(800)998-9938orcorpora
3、te@oreilly.com.Editors:MikeLoukidesandMeghanBlanchetteIndexer:AllenDowneyProductionEditor:KristenBorgCoverDesigner:KarenMontgomeryProofreader:KatieDePasqualeInteriorDesigner:DavidFutatoIllustrator:RobertRomanoMarch2012:FirstEdition.RevisionHistoryfor
4、theFirstEdition:2012-02-21FirstreleaseSeehttp://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449314637forreleasedetails.ThinkComplexityisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0UnportedLicense(http://creativecommons.org/lice
5、nses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode).Theauthormaintainsanonlineversionathttp://thinkcomplex.com/thinkcomplexity.pdf.NutshellHandbook,theNutshellHandbooklogo,andtheO’ReillylogoareregisteredtrademarksofO’ReillyMedia,Inc.ThinkComplexity,theimageofablackeagle,an
6、drelatedtradedressaretrademarksofO’ReillyMedia,Inc.Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimedastrademarks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthisbook,andO’ReillyMedia,Inc.,wasawareofatrademarkclaim,thedesignatio
7、nshavebeenprintedincapsorinitialcaps.Whileeveryprecautionhasbeentakeninthepreparationofthisbook,thepublisherandauthorassumenoresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions,orfordamagesresultingfromtheuseoftheinformationcon-tainedherein.ISBN:978-1-449-31463-7[LSI
8、]1329856783TableofContentsPreface.....................................................................vii1.ComplexityScience......................................................1WhatIsThisBookAbout?1ANewKindofScience2ParadigmShift?3TheAxesofScientif