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1、4冶金过程物理化学4.1冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamicsofmetallurgicalprocesses统计热力学statisticalthermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamicsofirreversibleprocesses化学热力学chemicalthernodynamics表面热力学surfacethermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamicsofalloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamicsdatabankinmetallurgy系system单元系single-componentsystem多元系mult

2、icomponentsystem均相系统homogeneoussystem广度性质extensiveproperty强度性质intensiveproperty过程process等温过程isothermalprocess等压过程isobaricprocess等容过程isochoricprocess绝热过程adiabaticprocess可逆过程reversibleprocess不可逆过程irreversibleprocess自发过程spontaneousprocess自理过程physicalprocess化学过程chemicalprocess冶金过程metallurgicalprocess化学反

3、应chemicalreaction化合反应combinationreaction分解反应decompositionreaction置换反应displacementreaction可逆反应reversiblereaction不可逆反应irreversiblereaction电化学反应electrochemicalreaction多相反应multiphasereaction固态反应solidstatereaction气一金(属)反应gas-metalreaction渣一金（属）反应slag-metalreaction平衡equilibrium化学平衡chemicalequilibrium相平衡ph

4、aseequilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamicequilibrium亚稳平衡metastableequilibrium热力学函数thermodynamicfunction偏摩尔量partialmolarquantity总摩尔量integralmolarquantity标准态standardstate焓enthalpy生成焓enthalpyofformation反应焓enthalpyofreaction熵entropy吉布斯能Gibbsenergy生成吉布斯能Gibbsenergyofformation反应吉布斯能Gibbsenergyofreaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs

5、energyofsolution吉布斯能函数Gibbsenergyfunction化学位chemicalpotential热化学thermochemistry热效应heateffect热容heatcapacity熔化热heatoffusion汽化热heatofvaporization升华热heatofsublimation相变热heatofphasetransformation放热反应exothermicreaction吸热反应endothermicreaction赫斯定律Hess’slaw相律phaserule相图phasediagram一元相图single-componentphasedi

6、agram二元相图binary-componentphasediagram三元相图ternary-componentphasediagram液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutecticpoint杠杆规则leverrule溶液solution溶质solute溶剂solvent固溶体solidsolution溶液浓度concentrationofsolution摩尔分数molefraction冶金熔体metallurgicalmelt金属熔体metalmelt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐moltensalt,fusedsalt理想溶液idealsolution真实溶液realso

7、lution正规溶液regularsolution活度activity活度系数activitycoefficient拉乌尔定律Raoult’slaw亨利定律Henry’slaw纯物质标准态puresubstancestandard质量１％溶液标准(态)1mass%solutionstandard无限稀溶液参考态referencestateofinfinitylydilutesolution相互作用