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1、IISc-CTS-12/97hep-ph/9712206LecturesonUni cationB.Ananthanarayan1CentreforTheoreticalStudies,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore560012,India.AbstractIntheselectureswereviewthemotivation,principlesofand(circumstantial)evidencefortheprogramofuni cationofthefu
2、ndamentalforces.Inanappendix,wereviewthegrouptheorypertinenttotheprogram.arXiv:hep-ph/9712206v130Nov19971LecturesgivenattheSixthICTP-BCSPINSummerSchoolonCurrentTrendsinHighEnergyPhysicsandCosmology,Kathmandu,Nepal,May19-June3,19971IntroductionThestandardmo
3、deloftheelectromagnetic,weakandstronginteractionsisthecornerstoneofelementaryparticlephysics[1,2].Itisalagrangian eldtheoryofquark,leptonandgaugebosonsdegreesoffreedomwiththespontaneousbreakdownofelectroweaksymmetryachievedbyanelementaryhiggsscalarpotentia
4、l.Whilethestandardmodelisenormouslysuccessfulatpresentdayenergies,itislikelytobethelow"-energylimitofamorecompleteandperhapssimplerdescriptionoftheseinteractions
5、adescriptionwhichderivesfromtheexperienceofthestandardmodel,inthesenseofbeingalagrangian eldt
6、heory,beingagaugetheoryandwhichusesthekeyconceptsofspontaneoussymmetrybreaking.Granduni cation[3,4,5,6],whereinthestandardmodelgaugesymmetryisembeddedinlargersymmetriesissuchaprogramandisasubjectofthepresentsetoflectures.Anotherkeyuni cationisthatofparticl
7、etypes,viz.,particlesofbosonicandfermionictypes.Supersymmetry[7,8,9]isthesymmetrythattreatsthesedegreesoffreedomonthesamefootingandmaybecombinedwithlagrangian eldtheory.Inparticular,modernapproachestouni cationsimultaneouslyrequiregranduni cationaswellasun
8、i cationofbosonicandfermionicstatisticsandiscalledsupersymmetricuni cationandistheframeworkwithinwhichthepresentdiscussionwilltakeplace.Thesesymmetries,however,mustbebrokenorhiddensincethereisno(direct)evidenceforsuchuni cation.Intheselectureswewillreviewt
9、hemotivation,principlesandcircumstantialevidencefortheprogramofuni cationofthefundamentalforces,withtheexceptionofthegravitationalforces.Theaimofthelecturesatthisschoolistobringtheparticipantsuptodatewiththec
