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1、IISc-CTS-12/97hep-ph/9712206LecturesonUni cationB.Ananthanarayan1CentreforTheoreticalStudies,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore560012,India.AbstractIntheselectureswereviewthemotivation,principlesofand(circumstantial)evidencefortheprogramofuni cationofthefundamentalforces.Inanappendix,wereviewth
2、egrouptheorypertinenttotheprogram.arXiv:hep-ph/9712206v130Nov19971LecturesgivenattheSixthICTP-BCSPINSummerSchoolonCurrentTrendsinHighEnergyPhysicsandCosmology,Kathmandu,Nepal,May19-June3,19971IntroductionThestandardmodeloftheelectromagnetic,weakandstronginteractionsisthecornerstoneofelementaryp
3、articlephysics[1,2].Itisalagrangian eldtheoryofquark,leptonandgaugebosonsdegreesoffreedomwiththespontaneousbreakdownofelectroweaksymmetryachievedbyanelementaryhiggsscalarpotential.Whilethestandardmodelisenormouslysuccessfulatpresentdayenergies,itislikelytobethelow"-energylimitofamorecompletean
4、dperhapssimplerdescriptionoftheseinteractions
5、adescriptionwhichderivesfromtheexperienceofthestandardmodel,inthesenseofbeingalagrangian eldtheory,beingagaugetheoryandwhichusesthekeyconceptsofspontaneoussymmetrybreaking.Granduni cation[3,4,5,6],whereinthestandardmodelgaugesymmetryisembeddedinlarg
6、ersymmetriesissuchaprogramandisasubjectofthepresentsetoflectures.Anotherkeyuni cationisthatofparticletypes,viz.,particlesofbosonicandfermionictypes.Supersymmetry[7,8,9]isthesymmetrythattreatsthesedegreesoffreedomonthesamefootingandmaybecombinedwithlagrangian eldtheory.Inparticular,modernapproac
7、hestouni cationsimultaneouslyrequiregranduni cationaswellasuni cationofbosonicandfermionicstatisticsandiscalledsupersymmetricuni cationandistheframeworkwithinwhichthepresentdiscussionwilltakeplace.Thesesymmetries,however,mustbebrokenorhiddensincethereisno(direct)evidenceforsuchuni cation.Inthes
8、electureswewillreviewthemotivation,principlesandcircumstantialevidencefortheprogramofuni cationofthefundamentalforces,withtheexceptionofthegravitationalforces.Theaimofthelecturesatthisschoolistobringtheparticipantsuptodatewiththec
