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1、LasertechnologyR.E.SlusherBellLaboratories,LucentTechnologies,MurrayHill,NewJersey07974Lasertechnologyduringthe20thcenturyisreviewedemphasizingthelaser'sevolutionfromsciencetotechnologyandsubsequentcontributionsoflasertechnologytoscience.Asthecenturydrawstoaclose,las
2、ersaremakingstrongcontributionstocommunications,materialsprocessing,datastorage,imagerecording,medicine,anddefense.Examplesfromtheseareasdemonstratethestunningimpactoflaserlightonoursociety.Laseradvancesarehelpingtogeneratenewscienceasillustratedbyseveralexamplesinph
3、ysicsandbiology.Free-electronlasersusedformaterialsprocessingandlaseracceleratorsaredescribedasdevelopinglasertechnologiesforthenextcentury.[S0034-6861(99)02802-0]I.INTRODUCTIONWhenacoherentstatelaserbeamisdetectedusingphoton-countingtechniques,thephotoncountdistribu
4、-LighthasalwaysplayedacentralroleinthestudyoftionintimeisPoissonian.Forexample,anaudiooutputphysics,chemistry,andbiology.Lightiskeytoboththefromahighef®ciencyphotomultiplierdetectingalaserevolutionoftheuniverseandtotheevolutionoflifeon®eldsoundslikeraininasteadydownp
5、our.Thislaserearth.Thiscenturyanewformoflight,laserlight,hasnoisecanbemodi®edinspecialcases,e.g.,byconstantbeendiscoveredonoursmallplanetandisalreadyfa-cilitatingaglobalinformationtransformationaswellascurrentpumpingofadiodelasertoobtainasqueezedprovidingimportantcon
6、tributionstomedicine,indus-numberstatewherethedetectedphotonssoundmoretrialmaterialprocessing,datastorage,printing,andde-likeamachinegunthanrain.fense.ThisreviewwilltracethedevelopmentsinscienceAnopticalampli®erisachievedifthegainmediumisandtechnologythatledtotheinve
7、ntionofthelaserandnotinaresonantcavity.Opticalampli®erscanachievegiveafewexamplesofhowlasersarecontributingtoveryhighgainandlownoise.Infacttheypresentlyhavebothtechnologicalapplicationsandprogressinbasicsci-noise®gureswithinafewdBofthe3dBquantumnoiseence.Therearemany
8、otherexcellentsourcesthatcoverlimitforaphase-insensitivelinearampli®er,i.e.,theyvariousaspectsofthelasersandlasertechnologyinclud-a
