欧洲文化入门(the middle ages )

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1、欧洲文化入门(三)TheMiddleAges中世纪1.TheMiddleAgesa.Timedivision:inEuropeanhistory,thethusand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.b.Itissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.(ancienttimes→TheMiddleAges→moderntimes)c.Ageoffai

2、thI.GeneralIntroductionGeneralIntroductionDuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.AgeofFaithInthelateMiddleAges,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberoftheChristianChurch.Christiani

3、tytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople’slives.ThatiswhytheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”.II.Manor（庄园）andChurch1.Feudalism:asystemofland-holding,awordderivedfromLatin“feudum”,agrantofland：封建土地所有制a.GrowthofFeudalismb.TheManorC.Knighthood&Co

4、deofChivalrySerf:农奴Fiefs:封地（采邑）Vassals:诸侯（封臣）CodeofChivalry骑士的信条A.bepledgedtoprotecttheweakB.fightforthechurchC.beloyaltohislordD.respectwomenofnoblebirthAlltheaboveruleswereknownascodeofchivalry.2.ThechurchCenterofdailylifeplaceofworshipplaceforrecreationcenteroftradecenterofcommun

5、ityactivityTrinity三位一体Trinity:Power(theFather)圣父Wisdom(theSon)圣子Love(theHolySpirit)圣灵TheOrganizationofChurchTheCatholicChurchwasahighlycentralizedanddisciplinedinternationalorganization.Pope（罗马教皇）↓Archbishops(大主教）↓Bishop（主教）↓Priests（神甫）a.PopePopeAlexandriaPopeandthebishops（教皇与主教）The

6、RomanCatholicChurch&EasternOrthodoxChurch(1054)TheRomanCatholicChurch（罗马天主教）b.ChurchFatherandEarlyMonasticism（隐修院制度）St.Jerome（圣·哲罗姆）:histranslationoftheBiblefromHebrewandGreekoriginalintoLatinTheVulgate(拉丁文圣经)AugustineofHippo(北非希波主教奥古斯丁，神学界的旷世奇才）主要著作1、《忏悔录》（TheConfession)2、《上帝之城》(Th

7、eCityofGod)(第一部教会历史哲学)C.ThePowerandinfluenceoftheCatholicChurchThreeclassesofpeopleatthetime1&2.Therulingclasses3.PeasantsClergyLords宗教TheInquisition:宗教裁判所Holycommunion:圣餐Sacraments:圣礼Convocation:圣会Canon:教规Rabbi:拉比Lord’sPrayer:主祷文Waterofbitterness:尘水（苦水）3.TheCrusades（十字军东征）(1096-129

8、1)→TheEffectImporta