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1、Doinghardthingsiswhatmakespeoplebetter!1.1990年考研英语英译汉试题 Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive. Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypeso
2、fquestions.(61)Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoasnaturevs.nurtur
3、e. (62)Thosewhosupportthenaturesideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehavior
4、ispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts. Thosewhosupportthenurturetheory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,s
5、eeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.(64)Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,likemachines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior. Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offeredbythetwotheories.(65)Supporterso
6、fthenaturetheoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay,theydon’tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperie
7、nces.(66)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment. Thesocialandpoliticalimplicatio
