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1、TheCProgrammingLanguageCisahigh-levelprogramminglanguagedevelopedbyDennisRitchieandBrianKernighanatBellLabsinthemid-1970s.Althoughoriginallydesignedasasystemsprogramminglanguage,Chasprovedtobeapowerfulandflexiblelanguagethatcanbeusedforavarietyofapplications,frombusinessprogramstoengineering.
2、Cisaparticularlypopularlanguageforpersonalcomputerprogrammersbecauseitisrelativelysmall-itrequireslessmemorythanotherlanguages.ThefirstmajorprogramwritteninCwastheUNIXoperatingsystem;andformanyyears,CwasconsideredtobeinextricablylinkedwithUNIX.Now,however,CisamimportantlanguageindependentofUN
3、IX.Althoughitisahigh-levellanguages,Cismuchclosertoassemblylanguagethanaremostotherhigh-levellanguages.ThisclosenesstotheunderlyingmachinelanguageallowsCprogrammerstowriteveryefficientcode.Thehow-levelnatureofC,however,canmakethelanguagedifficulttouseforsometypesofapplications.Nowlet’stakeano
4、verviewoftheCprogramminglanguage,bothhistoricallyandtechnicallyandtechnically.Asageneral-purposeprogramminglanguage,ChasbeencloselyassociatedwithUNIXsystemwhereitwasdeveloped,sinceboththesystemandmostoftheapplicationsthatrunonitarewritteninC.Thelanguage,however,isnottiedtoanyoneoperatingsyste
5、mormachine;andalthoughithasbeencalleda“systemprogramminglanguage”becauseitisusefulforwritingcompilersandoperatingsystems,ithasbeenusedequallywelltowritemajorprogramsinvariousfields.ManyoftheimportantideasstemfromthelanguageBCPL,developedbyMartinRichards.TheinfluenceofBCPLonCproceededindirectl
6、ythroughthelanguageB,whichwaswrittenbyKenTompsonin1970forthefirstUNIXsystemontheDEC-PDP-7.BCPLandBare“typeless”languages.Bycontrast,Cprovidesavarietyofdatatypes.Thefundamentaltypesarecharacters,andintegersandfloatingpointnumbersofseveralsizes.Additionally,thereisahierarchyofderiveddatatypescr
7、eatedwithpointers,arrays,structures,andunions.Expressionsareformedfromoperands;anyexpression,includinganassignmentorafunctioncall,canbeastatement.Pointersprovideformachine-independentaddressarithmetic.Cprovidesthefundamentalcontrol-flowconstr
