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1、02共轴球面组近轴成像解析实像:若出射的同心光束是会聚的,我们称像点Q′为实像虚像:若出射的同心光束是发散的,我们称像点Q′为虚像1.Realandvirtualobjects,realandvirtualimages同心光束(concentricbeam)：各光束本身或其延长线交于同一点的光束。在各向同性媒质中对应球面波。Q:真实的发光点一定起到实物的作用吗？实物:在某个光具组中，若入射的是发散的同心光束，则其发散中心Q为实物。虚物:如果入射的是个会聚的同心光束，则相应的会聚中心Q为虚物。光具组(opticalsystem)：由若干反射面或折射面组成的光学系
2、统发光点Q射出的同心光束经镜面反射后成为发散光束,据反射定律:反射线的延长线严格的交于镜面后同一点Q′(虚像)真实发光点Q经L1成像与Q1′(实像),当透镜L2插在Q1′之前时,对L2来说入射的光束是会聚,会聚点Q1′就是L2的虚物,L2将入射的光束进一步会聚到Q2′,L2使Q1′成实像于Q2′。实物不一定成实像，虚物不一定成虚像§2共轴球面组近轴成像(paraxialapproximation)Whyisimagingnecessary:Huygen’sprinciple-Spherical¶llelraybundles,pointsatinfini
3、tyRefractionatsphericalsurfaces(paraxialapproximation)逐面成像1.Whyarefocusinginstrumentsnecessary?Raybundles:sphericalwavesandplanewavesPointsourcesandpointimagesHuygensprincipleandwhywecanseearoundusIdealimagingsystem:eachpointintheobjectismappedontoasinglepointintheimageEachpointinan
4、objectscatterstheincidentilluminationintoasphericalwave,accordingtotheHuygens’sprinciple.Afewmicronsawayfromtheobjectsurface,theraysemanatingfromallobjectpointsbecomeentangled,delocalizingobjectdetails.Torelocalizeobjectdetails,amethodmustbefoundtoreassign(“focus”)alltheraysthateman
5、atedfromasinglepointobjectintoanotherpointinspace(the“image.”)ThelatterfunctionisthetopicofthedisciplineofOpticalImaging.(e.g.satellitedish)Parabloidmirror:perfectfocusingLens:maininstrumentforimage formationThecurvedsurfacemakestheraysbendproportionallytotheirdistancefromthe“optica
6、laxis”,accordingtoSnell’slaw.Therefore,thedivergentwavefrontbecomesconvergentattheright-hand(output)side.Realimagingsystemsintroduceblur...AsphericalSurfaces:idealopticalelementsP151P189IdeallensWhyopticalsystemsdonotfocusperfectlyDiffractionAberrationsHowever,intheparaxialapproxima
7、tiontoGeometricalOpticsthatweareabouttoembarkupon,opticalsystemsdofocusperfectlyTodealwithaberrations,weneednon-paraxialGeometricalOptics(higherorderapproximations)Todealwithdiffraction,weneedWaveOpticsdefocusimperfectfocus2.RefractionatsinglesphericalsurfaceForeachray,mustcalculate
8、：pointofintersectio
