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1、ReferenceNotesUnit7ExploringHumanNatureReadingFocusOnHumanNatureInformationnotes1.Thispassageisadaptedfrom"Whatishumannature?",achapterinAnEternalCareer,writtenbyFrankandLydiaHammer,thecompanionbooktotheiranotherbookLifeandItsMysteries(1945).Publishedin1947byDorrancePublishingCompanyinPhiladelphia,A
2、nEternalCareerwasscannedatsacred-texts.cominJune2007.Itisthelargestfreelyavailablearchiveofonlinebooksaboutreligion,mythology,folkloreandtheesotericontheIntemet.Thesiteisdedicatedtoreligioustoleranceandscholarship,andhasthelargestreadershipofanysimilarsiteontheweb.Thispassagefollowsthetypicalformato
3、fanargumentativewithreasoningbeingthemainmeansofargumentation.Thebeginningparagraphintroducesthemainidea:Humannatureisthebasisofchal'acter,thetemperamentanddisposition;itisthatindestructiblematrixuponwhichthecharacterisbuilt,andwhoseshapeitmusttakeandkeepthroughoutlife.Thebodypartunfoldsthecharacter
4、isticsofhumannature.Andtheendingparagraphconcludesthetextbyechoingthepointofthesecondparagraph:humannaturedoesnotandcannotchange.Further,theauthorpointsoutthatwecanonlyendeavortounderstandmanasheis.Themoststrikingfeatureintermsoflanguagestyleisthefrequentuseofrhetorictechniques.Theparallelism,inpart
5、icular,appearsforeighttimeswithinapassagelessthan900words.Itistheco-workofsuchtechniquesassimile,metaphor,personification,repetitionandrhymethatcreatetheeffectofbeinglucid,conciseandconvincing.2.Theexploringanddefiningofhumannaturehasalwaysbeenatopicofinterestamongphilosophers,politicians,andwriters
6、acrossallofthewrittenhistory.Therearealotofinterpretationsforustorefertoconcerningthecharacteristicsofhumannature:SigmundFreud,founderofpsychoanalysis,holdsthatmanisbad,andthatallmenareinnatelyevilandaggressionlieswithinthemasapartofhisnature.Thomas11Hobbes(1588—1679),anEnglishphilosopher,believesth
7、athumansarebomequal.Heidentifiesthreeprinciplecausesofquarrelinthenatureofman:competition,diffidence(ordistrust),andglory.Competitionisforgain,diffidenceisforsafety,andgloryisforreputation.Itisthecomp
