新技术与新材料的环境风险

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1、第三章环境化学前沿第八节新技术与新材料的环境风险硕士研究生学位课一、纳米材料与纳米技术的环境风险EnvironmentalRisksofNanotechnologyandNanomaterials1.纳米材料2.纳米材料的环境风险3.纳米技术的环境风险1.纳米材料1)何谓纳米材料标准尺寸<100nm的材料常用的纳米材料FullerenesTheyhavecreatedsignificantcommercialinterestbecauseoftheirhighstrength,electricalconductivity,electronaffinity,structu

2、re,andversatility.量子点Quantumdots(QDs)aresemiconductorsthatdisplaynarrowfluorescenceorabsorptionbandsbecauseofquantumconstraintsimposedonelectronsbythefinitesizeofthematerial.ApplicationsofQDsincludemedicalimagingandsensors.MetaloxanesIncontrastwiththesebottom-upmethodsfornanoparticlefabr

3、ication,metaloxanes(e.g.,alumoxane)aremadeinatop-downprocedureinwhichamineral(boehmiteinthecaseofalumoxanes)iscutintosmallerpiecesbyanorganicacidinanaqueoussolution.Metaloxaneshavebeenusedasalternativestosol–gelprecursorsformembranefabricationandthinfilms.纳米TiO2TiO2nanoparticlesarewidely

4、usedforapplicationssuchasphotocatalysts,pigments,andcosmeticadditives.ManyprocedureshavebeenreportedforproducingTiO2nanoparticles;mosttypicallyinvolvesynthesisbyhydrolysisandcalcination.纳米Fe0Zerovalentironnanoparticles(nanoiron)arerelativelyadvancedenvironmentalnanotechnologiesintermsofl

5、arge-scalecommercialproduction.Theyhavebeenusedat>20sitesfortheinsituremediationofamenablegroundwatercontaminantsinpilot-orfull-scaleoperations.2)纳米材料的应用Theabilitytodesignmaterialsatthenanoscaleisnowleadingtotherapiddevelopmentofanindustrythatprovidesnanomaterialsforarangeofindustrialand

6、consumerproducts.Commercialapplicationsofnanomaterialscurrentlyavailableorsoontoappearinclude：nanoengineeredtitaniaparticlesforsunscreensandpaints;fullerenenanotubecompositesintires,tennisrackets,andvideoscreens;fullerenecagesincosmetics(化妆品);silicananoparticlesassolidlubricants(润滑剂);met

7、alnanoparticlesforgroundwaterremediation;andprotein-basednanomaterialsinsoaps,shampoos,anddetergents.在环境中的应用引自：TINAMASCIANGIOLI,WEI-XIANZHANGENVIRON.SCI.TECHNOL,102A-108A,2003.Intheenvironmentaltechnologyindustryalone,nanotechnologiesholdgreatpromiseforreducingtheproducti